A Regenerative Antioxidant Protocol of Vitamin E and α-Lipoic Acid Ameliorates Cardiovascular and Metabolic Changes in Fructose-Fed Rats

Table 1

Physiological parameters of rats fed with corn starch, fructose, and fructose either with α-tocopherol and α-lipoic acid as prevention (FTPP) or reversal (FTPR) protocols or with tocotrienol-rich fraction and α-lipoic acid either as prevention (FTTP) or reversal (FTTR) protocols. ^aValues for rats fed the fructose diet for 8 weeks were taken from [6]. Values are mean ± SEM; number of experiments in parentheses. LV: left ventricle; RV: right ventricle; *𝑃<.05 versus corn starch-fed rats; ^#𝑃<.05 versus fructose-fed rats.

Parameter	Corn starch; (16 weeks)	Fructose; (8 weeks)^a	Fructose; (16 weeks)	FTPP; (16 weeks)	FTPR; (16 weeks)	FTTP; (16 weeks)	FTTR; (16 weeks)
Body weight at 0 weeks (g)	339  ±  8; (n  =  10)	351  ±  10; (n  =  10)	349  ±  5; (n  =  10)	347  ±  10; (n  =  10)	334  ±  5; (n  =  10)	356  ±  5; (n  =  10)	352  ±  6; (n  =  10)
Body weight at 16 weeks (g)	533  ±  14; (n  =  10)	459  ±  13; (n  =  9)	521  ±  8; (n  =  10)	502  ±  12; (n  =  10)	510  ±  9; (n  =  10)	493  ±  12; (n  =  10)	502  ±  8; (n  =  9)
Fasting plasma glucose concentrations (mmol/L)	2.8  ±  0.2; (n  =  6)	6.1  ±  0.1*; (n  =  6)	5.9  ±  0.2*; (n  =  6)	4.8  ±  0.2^#; (n  =  6)	4.7  ±  0.1^#; (n  =  6)	4.1  ±  0.3^#; (n  =  6)	4.3  ±  0.4^#; (n  =  6)
Plasma glucose concentration (mmol/L) (after 120-minute glucose loading)	5.9  ±  0.1; (n  =  6)	8.0  ±  0.2*; (n  =  8)	9.1  ±  0.2*; (n  =  6)	6.4  ±  0.5^#; (n  =  6)	5.3  ±  0.1^#; (n  =  6)	5.0  ±  0.2^#; (n  =  6)	4.8  ±  0.7^#; (n  =  6)
LV—interstitial collagen (% of total area)	4.6  ±  0.7; (n  =  3)	N/A	18.7  ±  2.7*; (n  =  3)	12.6  ±  1.8^#; (n  =  3)	13.7  ±  2.3^#; (n  =  3)	10.8  ±  2.9^#; (n  =  3)	11.2  ±  1.5^#; (n  =  3)
Diastolic stiffness constant (κ)	20.5  ±  0.4; (n  =  6)	23.9  ±  1.4*; (n  =  6)	25.8  ±  1.1*; (n  =  6)	21.1  ±  0.6^#; (n  =  6)	21.9  ±  0.5^#; (n  =  6)	17.7  ±  1.2^#; (n  =  6)	19.8  ±  2.0^#; (n  =  6)
LV + septum (mg/g body wt)	1.7  ±  0.09; (n  =  6)	2.10  ±  0.07*; (n  =  8)	2.05  ±  0.1*; (n  =  6)	1.8  ±  0.05^#; (n  =  6)	2.1  ±  0.2*; (n  =  6)	1.9  ±  0.1^#; (n  =  6)	2.0  ±  0.1*; (n  =  6)
RV (mg/g body wt)	0.53  ±  0.03; (n  =  6)	0.55  ±  0.03*; (n  =  11)	0.47  ±  0.02; (n  =  6)	0.47  ±  0.02; (n  =  6)	0.50  ±  0.05; (n  =  6)	0.4  ±  0.1; (n  =  6)	0.4  ±  0.1; (n  =  6)
Liver (mg/g body wt)	26.7  ±  0.6; (n  =  6)	36.7  ±  1.5*; (n  =  8)	39.6  ±  3.6*; (n  =  6)	29.4  ±  1.5^#; (n  =  6)	31.6  ±  0.8^#; (n  =  6)	33.3  ±  2.5*; (n  =  6)	35.2  ±  1.4*; (n  =  6)
Spleen (mg/g body wt)	2.0  ±  0.1; (n  =  6)	2.1  ±  0.1; (n  =  9)	2.4  ±  0.2; (n  =  6)	2.0  ±  0.2; (n  =  6)	2.2  ±  0.1; (n  =  6)	1.9  ±  0.1; (n  =  6)	2.0  ±  0.2; (n  =  6)
Kidneys (mg/g body wt)	5.15  ±  0.1; (n  =  6)	7.31  ±  0.2*; (n  =  8)	6.30  ±  0.4*; (n  =  6)	6.0  ±  0.2*; (n  =  6)	6.0  ±  0.3*; (n  =  6)	7.0  ±  0.3*; (n  =  6)	6.3  ±  0.2*; (n  =  6)
Plasma malondialdehyde concentration (μmol/L)	26.9  ±  0.7; (n  =  6)	42.8  ±  1.9*; (n  =  3)	33.9  ±  1.0*; (n  =  6)	27.9  ±  2.0^#; (n  =  6)	27.6  ±  1.6^#; (n  =  6)	26.4  ±  1.5^#; (n  =  6)	26.8  ±  2.3^#; (n  =  6)