Endogenous Opiates in the Nucleus Tractus Solitarius Mediate Electroacupuncture-Induced Sleep Activities in Rats

Table 1

Effects of naloxone and naloxonazine on the alterations of sleep-wake architecture parameters induced by EAc of Anmain (EX17) acupoints in rats.

Manipulation^d	Hour	L : D cycle^e	Number of bouts^a			Bout duration^b			Transitions^c
			WAKE^f	NREMS^f	REMS^f	WAKE	NREMS	REMS
ipPFS + PFS	1–12	D	3.98  ±  0.31	5.06  ±  0.45	1.58  ±  0.26	18.54  ±  2.20	1.67  ±  0.15	0.67  ±  0.10	26.94  ±  2.31
ipKetamine + PFS	1–12	D	3.52  ±  0.36	4.40  ±  0.46	1.20  ±  0.24	24.12  ±  2.97*	1.44  ±  0.15	0.59  ±  0.10	25.93  ±  2.62
ipKetamine + PFS + EAc	1–12	D	3.43  ±  0.30	4.75  ±  0.46	1.38  ±  0.24	20.57  ±  2.65	2.13  ±  0.20^#	0.54  ±  0.09	28.81  ±  2.60
ipKetamine + naloxone + EAc	1–12	D	3.20  ±  0.44	3.48  ±  0.58	1.21  ±  0.26	29.17  ±  3.53^$	1.15  ±  0.20^$	0.66  ±  0.11	28.22  ±  3.51
ipKetamine + naloxonazine + EAc	1–12	D	3.19  ±  0.43	4.27  ±  0.65	0.98  ±  0.21^$	26.16  ±  3.30	1.26  ±  0.17^$	0.48  ±  0.10	27.93  ±  3.53

Values are means  ±  SEM.
^a Number of bouts per hour (mean  ±  SEM) for each vigilance state; ^bMean (±SEM) bout duration (min) for each vigilance state; ^cNumber of transitions from one behavioral state to another (mean  ±  SEM) per hour; ^dExperimental manipulation; ^ePeriod of the light : dark cycle immediately prior to which injections were given: D = dark period; ^fVigilance states: WAKE, wakefulness; NREMS, non-rapid eye movement sleep; REMS, rapid eye movements sleep; *Denotes a statistically significant difference (𝑃<.05) between values obtained after administration of _ipPFS + PFS and those obtained after receiving _ipketamine + PFS; ^#Depicts a statistically significant difference (𝑃<.05) between values obtained after _ipketamine + PFS + EAc and those obtained after _ipketamine + PFS; ^$Depicts a statistically significant difference (𝑃<.05) after either receiving naloxone or naloxonazine.