Evodia rutaecarpa and Three Major Alkaloids Abrogate Influenza A Virus (H1N1)-Induced Chemokines Production and Cell Migration

Figure 7

A schematic presentation of the potential signaling pathway triggered by RANTES and MCP-1 through CC chemokine receptor 1/3/5 (CCR1/3/5) and CCR2. RANTES (belong to CC chemokine ligand 5) and MCP-1 (belong to CC chemokine ligand 2) stimulated cell migration via a G-protein-dependent pathway. MAPKs, phospholipase C (PLC) and Akt are activated as downstream events of G-protein-dependent activation of cytoskeleton re-arrangement. An arrowhead proposed the possible multiple intracellular target sites for ER, DeHE, Evo and/or Rut to inhibit RANTES- or MCP-1-evoked cell migration in HL-60-differentiated macrophages. (ER, the ethanol extract of E. rutaecarpa; DeHE, dehydroevodiamine; Evo, evodiamine; Rut, rutaecarpine).