Antinociceptive Activities and the Mechanisms of Anti-Inflammation of Asiatic Acid in Mice

Figure 9

The proposed mechanism of AA in λ-carrageenan- (Carr-) injected mice. AA inhibits the production of TNF-α, free radicals, and lipid peroxidation, which in turn decreases MDA level, iNOS, COX-2, and NF-κB activation in the paw edema and increase the CAT, SOD and GPx activities in the liver. MDA: malondialdehyde; TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor-α; IL-1β: interleukin-1β; NO: nitric oxide; CAT: catalase; SOD: superoxide dismutase; GPx: glutathione peroxidase; iNOS: inducible nitric oxide synthase; COX-2: cyclooxygenase-2; NF-κB: nuclear factor-κB.