Guidelines for Developing Yoga Interventions for Randomized Trials

Table 4

Dosing of yoga: (a) studies from the Western World.  (b) Studies from Asia.

(a)  

West [U.S., Europe, Australia, Brazil, Turkey]
	Back pain	Other pain	CVD	Cancer
Durations (weeks)					Total	Percentage
1				1 (Kovacic 2011)	1	4%
4		1 (Kuttner 2007—IBS)		1 (Ulger 2010)	2	7%
6	1 (Galantino 04)	2 (Evans 2011—IBS,; Evans 2011—rheumatoid arthritis)			3	11%
7				2 (Cohen 2004, Culos-Reed 2006)	2	7%
8		3 (Carson 2011—fibromyalgia, da Silva 2007—fibromyalgia, and Garfinkel 1998—carpal tunnel)	2 (Pullen 2008, van Montfrans 1990)	2 (Banasik 2011, Carson 2009)	7	25%
8–10			1 (Pullen 2010)		1	4%
10			1 (Cheema 2011)		1	4%
12	6 (Jacobs 04, Sherman 05, Saper 09, Cox 10, Tilbrook 11, and Sherman 11)			2 (Galantino 2012, Moadal 2007)	8	29%
16	1 (Williams 05)				1	4%
20			1 (Cade 2010)		1	4%
24	1 (Williams 09)				1	4%
Classes/week					Total	Percentage
1 hour total, then at home		1 (Kuttner 2007—IBS)			1	4%
1	5 (Sherman 05, Saper 09, Cox 10, Tilbrook 11, andSherman 11)	2 (Carson 2011—fibromyalgia, da Silva 2007—fibromyalgia)	1 (van Montfrans 1990)	4 (Carson 2009, Cohen 2004, Culos-Reed 2006, and Moadal 2007)	12	43%
2	4 (Galantino 04, Jacobs 04, Williams 05, Williams 09)	3 (Evans 2011—IBS, Evans 2011—rheumatoid arthritis, and Garfinkel 1998—carpal tunnel)	2 (Pullen 2008, Pullen 2010)	2 (Banasik 2011, Ulger 2010)	11	39%
2-3			1 (Cade 2010)		1	4%
3			1 (Cheema 2011)		1	4%
7				1 (Kovacic 2011)	1	4%
Varies				1 (Galantino 2012)	1	4%
Length of single class (min.)					Total	Percentage
45				1 (Kovacic 2011)	1	4%
50		1 (da Silva 2007—fibromyalgia)	1 (Cheema 2011)		2	7%
60	1 (Galantino 04)	1 (Kuttner 2007—IBS)	3 (Cade 2010, Pullen 2010, van Montfrans 1990)	1 (Ulger 2010)	6	21%
60–90		1 (Garfinkel 1998—carpal tunnel)			1	4%
70			1 (Pullen 2008)		1	4%
71				1 (Galantino 2012)	1	4%
75	5 (Sherman 05, Saper 09, Cox 10, Tilbrook 11, and Sherman 11)			1 (Culos-Reed 2006)	6	21%
90	3 (Jacobs 04, Williams 05, and Williams 09)	2 (Evans 2011—IBS, Evans 2011—rheumatoid arthritis)		2 (Banasik 2011, Moadal 2007)	7	25%
120		1 (Carson 2011—fibromyalgia)		1 (Carson 2009)	2	7%
Not stated				1 (Cohen 2004)	1	4%
Total hours of classes					Total	Percentage
1		1 (Kuttner 2007—IBS)			1	4%
6.67		1 (da Silva 2007—fibromyalgia)			1	4%
7				1 (Kovacic 2011)	1	4%
8			1 (van Montfrans 1990)	1 (Ulger 2010)	2	7%
8.75				1 (Culos-Reed 2006)	1	4%
12	1 (Galantino 04)				1	4%
15	5 (Sherman 05, Saper 09, Cox 10, Tilbrook 11, and Sherman 11)				5	18%
16		1 (Carson 2011—fibromyalgia)	1 (Pullen 2010)	1 (Carson 2009)	3	11%
16–18		1 (Garfinkel 1998—carpal tunnel)			1	4%
18		2 (Evans 2011—IBS, Evans 2011—rheumatoid arthritis)		1 (Moadal 2007)	3	11%
18.67			1 (Pullen 2008)		1	4%
21.3				1 (Galantino 2012)	1	4%
24				1 (Banasik 2011)	1	4%
25			1 (Cheema 2011)		1	4%
26	1 (Jacobs 04)				1	4%
40–60			1 (Cade 2010)		1	4%
48	1 (Williams 05)				1	4%
72	1 (Williams 09)				1	4%
Not stated				1 (Cohen 2004)	1	4%
Home practice (any recommended)					Total	Percentage
Yes	9 (Galantino 04, Jacobs 04, Williams 05, Sherman 04, Williams 09, Saper 09, Cox 10, Tilbrook 11, and Sherman 11)	4 (Carson 2011—fibromyalgia, Evans 2011—IBS, Evans 2011—rheumatoid arthritis, and Kuttner 2007—IBS)	3 (Cade 2010, Pullen 2010, and van Montfrans 1990)	4 (Carson 2009, Cohen 2004, Galantino 2012, and Kovacic 2011)	20	71%
No		2 (da Silva 2007—fibromyalgia, Garfinkel 1998—carpal tunnel)	2 (Cheema 2011, Pullen 2008)	4 (Banasik 2011, Culos-Reed 2006, Moadal 2007, and Ulger 2010)	8	29%

(b)  

Asia [India, Thailand]
	Back pain	Other pain	CVD	Cancer
Durations (weeks)					Total	Percentage
1	1 (Tekur 2008)				1	7%
3			3 (Datey 1969, Murthy 2011, and Selvamurthy 1998)		3	20%
6				2 (Banerjee 2007, Vadiraja 2009)	2	13%
6+				1 (Rao 2008)	1	7%
8		1 (Telles 2009—musculoskeletal hand discomfort)	2 (Agte 2011, McCaffrey 2005)		3	20%
9			1 (Patel 1976)		1	7%
12		1 (John 2007—migraine)			1	7%
24			1 (Pal 2011)		1	7%
52 (1 year)			1 (Yogendra 2004)		1	7%
Varies				1 (Raghavendra 2007)	1	7%
Classes/week					Total	Percentage
3			2 (McCaffrey 2005, Patel 1976)	1 (Vadiraja 2009)	3	20%
5		2 (Telles 2009—musculoskeletal hand discomfort), John 2007 (migraine))	1 (Pal 2011)		3	20%
7	1 (Tekur 2008)		1 (Selvamurthy 1998)	1 (Raghavendra 2007)	3	20%
Varies			1 (Yogendra 2004)	1 (Rao 2008)	2	13%
Not stated			3 (Agte 2011, Datey 1969, and Murthy 2011)	1 (Banerjee 2007)	4	27%
Length of each class (min.)					Total	Percentage
30			4 (Datey 1969, Murthy 2011, Patel 1976, and Selvamurthy 1998)		4	27%
35–40			1 (Pal 2011)		1	7%
60		2 (John 2007—migraine, Telles 2009—musculoskeletal hand discomfort)		3 (Raghavendra 2007, Rao 2008, and Vadiraja 2009)	5	33%
63			1 (McCaffrey 2005)		1	7%
90				1 (Banerjee 2007)	1	7%
Not stated	1 (Tekur 2008) —retreat with 9 hours of yoga/day		2 (Agte 2011, Yogendra 2004)		3	20%
Total hours of classes					Total	Percentage
10.5			1 (Selvamurthy 1998)		1	7%
13.5			1 (Patel 1976)		1	7%
18				1 (Vadiraja 2009)	1	7%
18+				1 (Rao 2008)	1	7%
25.2			1 (McCaffrey 2005)		1	7%
40		1 (Telles 2009—musculoskeletal hand discomfort)			1	7%
56	1 (Tekur 2008)				1	7%
60		1 (John 2007—migraine)			1	7%
70–80			1 (Pal 2011)		1	7%
Not stated			4 (Agte 2011, Datey 1969, Murthy 2011, and Yogendra 2004)	2 (Banerjee 2007, Raghavendra 2007)	6	40%
Home practice					Total	Percentage
Yes		1 (John 2007—migraine)	2 (Agte 2011, Yogendra 2004)	3 (Raghavendra 2007, Rao 2008, and Vadiraja 2009)	6	40%
No	1 (Tekur 2008)	1 (Telles 2009—musculoskeletal hand discomfort)	6 (Datey 1969, McCaffrey 2005, Murthy 2011, Patel 1976, Pal 2011, and Selvamurthy 1998)	1 (Banerjee 2007)	9	60%