Copyright © 2012 Kyung-Ha Chang et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Linked References

1. S. Andersson, Pain Control by Sensory Stimulation, Raven Press, NewYork, NY, USA, 1979.
2. Z. H. Cho, S. C. Chung, J. P. Jones et al., “New findings of the correlation between acupoints and corresponding brain cortices using functional MRI,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 95, no. 5, pp. 2670–2673, 1998. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
3. P. Deadman, M. Al-Khafaji, and K. Baker, “Some acupuncture points which treat headache,” Journal of Chinese Medicine, vol. 56, pp. 5–18, 1998.
4. J. G. Song, G. S. Lim, and K. S. Kim, “Effects of acupuncture on the plasma levels of β-endorphine, ACTH and cortisol in chronic low back pain,” The Journal of Korean Acupuncture & Moxibustion Society, vol. 6, pp. 63–82, 1989.
5. N. Shankar, A. Varshney, A. Bhattacharya, and K. N. Sharma, “Electroacupuncture, morphine and clonidine: a comparative study of analgesic effects,” Indian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology, vol. 40, no. 3, pp. 225–230, 1996. View at Scopus
6. W. M. Li, K. M. Cui, N. Li et al., “Analgesic effect of electroacupuncture on complete Freund's adjuvant-induced inflammatory pain in mice: a model of antipain treatment by acupuncture in mice,” Japanese Journal of Physiology, vol. 55, no. 6, pp. 339–344, 2005. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
7. H. Wheeler-Aceto, F. Porreca, and A. Cowan, “The rat paw formalin test: comparison of noxious agents,” Pain, vol. 40, no. 2, pp. 229–238, 1990. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
8. D. Dubuisson and S. G. Dennis, “The formalin test: a quantitative study of the analgesic effects of morphine, meperidine, and brain stem stimulation in rats and cats,” Pain, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 161–174, 1977. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
9. A. Tjolsen, O. G. Berge, S. Hunskaar, J. H. Rosland, and K. Hole, “The formalin test: an evaluation of the method,” Pain, vol. 51, no. 1, pp. 5–17, 1992. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
10. M. Shibata, T. Ohkubo, H. Takahashi, and R. Inoki, “Modified formalin test: characteristic biphasic pain response,” Pain, vol. 38, no. 3, pp. 347–352, 1989. View at Scopus
11. E. Bullitt, “Expression of c-fos-like protein as a marker for neuronal activity following noxious stimulation in the rat,” Journal of Comparative Neurology, vol. 296, no. 4, pp. 517–530, 1990. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
12. S. P. Hunt, A. Pini, and G. Evan, “Induction of c-fos-like protein in spinal cord neurons following sensory stimulation,” Nature, vol. 328, no. 6131, pp. 632–634, 1987. View at Scopus
13. S. Hao, O. Takahata, and H. Iwasaki, “Electroacupuncture potentiates the antinociceptive effect of intrathecal endomorphin-1 in the rat formalin test,” Neuroscience Letters, vol. 287, no. 1, pp. 9–12, 2000. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
14. L. Lao, G. Zhang, F. Wei, B. M. Berman, and K. Ren, “Electro-acupuncture attenuates behavioral hyperalgesia and selectively reduces spinal Fos protein expression in rats with persistent inflammation,” Journal of Pain, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 111–117, 2001. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
15. R. X. Zhang, L. Lao, L. Wang et al., “Involvement of opioid receptors in electroacupuncture-produced anti-hyperalgesia in rats with peripheral inflammation,” Brain Research, vol. 1020, no. 1-2, pp. 12–17, 2004. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
16. Y. R. Wen, G. C. Yeh, B. C. Shyu et al., “A minimal stress model for the assessment of electroacupuncture analgesia in rats under halothane,” European Journal of Pain, vol. 11, no. 7, pp. 733–742, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
17. J. H. Kim, Y. S. Gwak, I. Lee et al., “Antinociceptive effects of heterotopic electroacupuncture in formalin-induced pain,” American Journal of Chinese Medicine, vol. 34, no. 4, pp. 565–574, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
18. L. Lao, R. X. Zhang, G. Zhang, X. Wang, B. M. Berman, and K. Ren, “A parametric study of electroacupuncture on persistent hyperalgesia and Fos protein expression in rats,” Brain Research, vol. 1020, no. 1-2, pp. 18–29, 2004. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
19. F. C. Chang, H. Y. Tsai, M. C. Yu, P. L. Yi, and J. G. Lin, “The central serotonergic system mediates the analgesic effect of electroacupuncture on zusanli (ST36) acupoints,” Journal of Biomedical Science, vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 179–185, 2004. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
20. P. Carrive and I. Meyer-Carrive, “Changes in formalin-evoked spinal Fos expression and nociceptive behaviour after oral administration of Bufferin A (aspirin) and L-5409709 (ibuprofen + caffeine + paracetamol),” Pain, vol. 70, no. 2-3, pp. 253–266, 1997. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
21. S. Hunskaar and K. Hole, “The formalin test in mice: dissociation between inflammatory and non-inflammatory pain,” Pain, vol. 30, no. 1, pp. 103–114, 1987. View at Scopus
22. T. J. Coderre, A. L. Vaccarino, and R. Melzack, “Central nervous system plasticity in the tonic pain response to subcutaneous formalin injection,” Brain Research, vol. 535, no. 1, pp. 155–158, 1990. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
23. M. T. Wu, J. C. Hsieh, J. Xiong et al., “Central nervous pathway for acupunture stimulation: localization of processing with functional MR imaging of the brain—preliminary experience,” Radiology, vol. 212, no. 1, pp. 133–141, 1999. View at Scopus
24. M. H. Cha, J. S. Choi, S. J. Bai et al., “Antiallodynic effects of acupuncture in neuropathic rats,” Yonsei Medical Journal, vol. 47, no. 3, pp. 359–366, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
25. H. W. Kim, Y. B. Kwon, T. W. Ham et al., “Acupoint stimulation using bee venom attenuates formalin-induced pain behavior and spinal cord Fos expression in rats,” Journal of Veterinary Medical Science, vol. 65, no. 3, pp. 349–355, 2003. View at Scopus
26. H. Y. Kim, J. Wang, I. Lee, H. K. Kim, K. Chung, and J. M. Chung, “Electroacupuncture suppresses capsaicin-induced secondary hyperalgesia through an endogenous spinal opioid mechanism,” Pain, vol. 145, no. 3, pp. 332–340, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
27. R. Zou, Y. Xu, and H. Zhang, “Evaluation on analgesic effect of electroacupuncture combined with acupoint-injection in treating lumbar intervertebral disc herniation,” Zhongguo Gu Shang, vol. 22, pp. 759–761, 2009.
28. S. P. Hunt, A. Pini, and G. Evan, “Induction of c-fos-like protein in spinal cord neurons following sensory stimulation,” Nature, vol. 328, no. 6131, pp. 632–634, 1987. View at Scopus
29. T. Herdegen and M. Zimmermann, “Immediate early genes (IEGs) encoding for inducible transcription factors (ITFs) and neuropeptides in the nervous system: functional network for long-term plasticity and pain,” Progress in Brain Research, vol. 104, pp. 299–321, 1994. View at Scopus
30. J. E. Swett and C. J. Woolf, “The somatotopic organization of primary afferent terminals in the superficial laminae of the dorsal horn of the rat spinal cord,” Journal of Comparative Neurology, vol. 231, no. 1, pp. 66–77, 1985. View at Scopus
31. Y. Sugiura, C. L. Lee, and E. R. Perl, “Central projections of identified, unmyelinated (C) afferent fibers innervating mammalian skin,” Science, vol. 234, no. 4774, pp. 358–361, 1986. View at Scopus
32. S. Maslany, D. P. Crockett, and M. D. Egger, “Organization of cutaneous primary afferent fibers projecting to the dorsal horn in the rat: WGA-HRP versus B-HRP,” Brain Research, vol. 569, no. 1, pp. 123–135, 1992. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
33. C. J. Woolf and A. E. King, “Physiology and morphology of multireceptive neurons with C-afferent fiber inputs in the deep dorsal horn of the rat lumbar spinal cord,” Journal of Neurophysiology, vol. 58, no. 3, pp. 460–479, 1987. View at Scopus
34. J. Feng, F. Q. Huo, N. Jia et al., “Activation of mu-opioid receptors in thalamic nucleus submedius depresses bee venom-evoked spinal c-Fos expression and flinching behavior,” Neuroscience, vol. 161, no. 2, pp. 554–560, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
35. C. Abbadie, B. K. Talyor, M. A. Peterson, and A. I. Basbaum, “Differential antribution of the two phases of the formalin test ot the pattern of cFos expression in the rat spinal cord: studies with remifntanil and lidocaine,” Pain, vol. 69, pp. 101–110, 1997.
36. Y. Q. Zhang, G. C. Ji, G. C. Wu, and Z. Q. Zhao, “Excitatory amino acid receptor antagonists and electroacupuncture synergetically inhibit carrageenan-induced behavioral hyperalgesia and spinal fos expression in rats,” Pain, vol. 99, no. 3, pp. 525–535, 2002. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
37. K. Okuda, C. Sakurada, M. Takahashi, T. Yamada, and T. Sakurada, “Characterization of nociceptive responses and spinal releases of nitric oxide metabolites and glutamate evoked by different concentrations of formalin in rats,” Pain, vol. 92, no. 1-2, pp. 107–115, 2001. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
38. C. Watanabe, K. Okuda, C. Sakurada, R. Ando, T. Sakurada, and S. Sakurada, “Evidence that nitric oxide-glutamate cascade modulates spinal antinociceptive effect of morphine: a behavioural and microdialysis study in rats,” Brain Research, vol. 990, no. 1-2, pp. 77–86, 2003. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
39. B. T. Choi, J. Kang, and U. B. Jo, “Effects of electroacupuncture with different frequencies on spinal ionotropic glutamate receptor expression in complete Freund's adjuvant-injected rat,” Acta Histochemica, vol. 107, no. 1, pp. 67–76, 2005. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
40. H. F. Guo, J. Tian, X. Wang, Y. Fang, Y. Hou, and J. Han, “Brain substrates activated by electroacupuncture of different frequencies (I): comparative study on the expression of oncogene c-fos and genes coding for three opioid peptides,” Molecular Brain Research, vol. 43, no. 1-2, pp. 157–166, 1996. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
41. R. Melzack and P. D. Wall, “Pain mechanisms: a new theory,” Science, vol. 150, no. 3699, pp. 971–979, 1965. View at Scopus
42. J. S. Han, “Acupuncture: neuropeptide release produced by electrical stimulation of different frequencies,” Trends in Neurosciences, vol. 26, no. 1, pp. 17–22, 2003. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
43. P. D. Wall and W. H. Swert, “Temporary abolition of pain in man,” Science, vol. 155, no. 3758, pp. 108–109, 1967. View at Scopus
44. K. Toda, “Peripheral nerve stimulation for producing the suppressive effect on the tooth pulp-evoked jaw opening reflex in rat: relation between stimulus intensity and degree of suppression,” Experimental Neurology, vol. 76, no. 2, pp. 309–317, 1982. View at Scopus
45. K. Kawakita and M. Funakoshi, “Suppression of the jaw-opening reflex by conditioning A-delta fiber stimulation and electroacupuncture in the rat,” Experimental Neurology, vol. 78, no. 2, pp. 461–465, 1982. View at Scopus
46. D. Le Bars, A. H. Dickenson, and J. M. Besson, “Diffuse noxious inhibitory controls (DNIC). I. Effects on dorsal horn convergent neurones in the rat,” Pain, vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 283–304, 1979. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
47. Z. Bing, L. Villanueva, and D. Le Bars, “Acupuncture and diffuse noxious inhibitory controls: naloxone-reversible depression of activities of trigeminal convergent neurons,” Neuroscience, vol. 37, no. 3, pp. 809–818, 1990. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus