Family Scientific name Plant parts used Reported relevant ethnomedical uses Pharmacological study/chemical constituents Reference Amaranthaceae Achyranthes bidentata Blume Root Bone related diseases Decrease bone loss in OVX rats by inhibiting osteoclast formation/oleanolic acid glycosides, ecdysone and allantoin [123 , 124 ] Amaryllidaceae Curculigo orchioides Gaertn.Rhizome Impotence, tinnitus Decrease bone loss by inhibiting bone resorption/phenolic glycosides [106 , 125 ] Apiaceae Cnidium monnieri (L.) Cuss.Fruit Impotence, lumbar pain Reverse prednisone-induced bone mass loss, inhibit the high bone turnover; enhance osteoblastic proliferation and differentiation, inhibit formation and maturation of osteoclast/coumarins [87 , 126 , 127 ] Apiaceae Cuminum cyminum L. Fruit Toothache, diarrhea, epilepsy Prevent ovariectomy—induced bone loss/β -sitosterol, stigmasterol, luteolin and apigenin [128 ] Apiaceae Ferula hermonis BoissRoot Frigidity, impotence Prevent bone loss caused by severe estrogen deficiency by regulating calcium mobilization and mitochondrial permeability/daucane sesquiterpenes, ferutinin [129 ] Apiaceae Angelica sinensis (Oliv.) Diels Root Hematopoietic, abnormal or painful menstruation, other women’s diseases Increase ALP activity and synthesis of collagenase type I of osteoblast/ligustilide, butylidene phihalide, ferulic acid [130 ] Araliaceae Panax notoginseng (Burk.) F. H. ChenRoot Trauma, injury of muscles, bone fracture Prevent bone loss and deterioration of trabecular microarchitecture, stimulate proliferation and differentiation of osteoblast/triterpene saponins [131 , 132 ] Araliaceae Acanthopanax senticosus (Rupr. et Maxim.) Harms Stem Hypertension, rheumatism, ischemic heart disease, diabetes Decrease bone loss in postmenopausal women/acanthosides, eleutherosides, senticoside, triterpen saponin, flavones [133 ] Berberidaceae Epimedium brevicornu MaximLeaf Impotence, prospermia, hyperdiuresis, osteoporosis, menopause syndrome, rheumatic arthritis, hypertension and chronic tracheitis [16 –26 ] Berberidaceae Epimedium koreanum NakaiLeaf See section 3.1.1 Berberidaceae Epimedium pubescens MaximLeaf Berberidaceae Epimedium sagittatum (Sieb. et Zucc.)Leaf Berberidaceae Berberis aristata DCStem bark Menopausal disorders, osteoporosis Decrease bone loss/berberine chloride, palmatine chloride, magnoflavine, canadine, berberastine, obaberine, columbavine and talifendine [134 , 135 ] Brassicaceae Lepidium meyenii Walp.Root Hot flushes, tender breast, vaginal dryness, osteoporosis Improve the bone mass in OVX rats/macaridine, macaene, macamides, and maca alkaloids [136 , 137 ] Campanulaceae Platycodon grandiflorum (Jacq.) A. DC.Root Cough, chronic diseases Stimulate osteoblast differentiation through p38 MAPK and ERK signaling pathways/saponin [138 ] Caprifoliaceae Sambucus williamsii Hance Stem and ramulus Inflammation, bone fractures, joint diseases Suppress the OVX-induced increase in bone turnover, inhibit bone resorption, stimulate bone formation/lignans [139 ] Compositae Carthamus tinctorius L.Seed Ankyloenteron, rheumatism, and chronic nephritis Prevent bone loss through modulation ALP and IGF-1/lignans, flavones, serotonins [140 , 141 ] Compositae Silybum marianun (L.) GaertnSeed Liver disease Prevent bone loss in rats induced by OVX with mild proliferative effects in uterus/silibinin, isosilibinin, silydianin and silychristin [142 , 143 ]
Compositae Wedelia calendulacea Less.Flower Liver disorders, jaundice, uterine hemorrhage, menorrhagia Promote bone formation, decrease bone loss/isoflavones and wedelolactone [144 ] Compositae Artemisia iwayomogi KitamuraAerial parts Diabetes and hepatitis Stimulate bone formation/phenolic compounds [145 ] Convolvulaceae Cuscuta chinensis Lam. Seed Sexual dysfunction, osteoporosis, senescence Enhance osteoblast differentiation and mineralization/quercetin, kaempferol, isorhamnetin, hyperoside and astragalin [146 , 147 ] Davalliaceae Davallia formosana HayataRhizome Bone disease, osteoporosis Prevent bone loss, enhance bone strength, inhibit the deterioration of trabecular microarchitecture via inhibition of bone resorption/(−)-epicatechin 3-O-β -D-allopyranoside [148 ] Dicksoniaceae Cibotium barometz (L.) J. Sm.Rhizome Lumbago, rheumatism, polyuria, leucorrhoea Prevent bone loss induced by ovariectomy, inhibit osteoclast formation [149 ] Dioscoreaceae Dioscorea alata L.Rhizome Dyspnea, spermatorrhea, leucorrhagia, diabetes Increase bone formation by inducing mesenchymal stem cells differentiation into osteoblasts [150 ] Dioscoreaceae Dioscorea spongiosa J. Q. Xi et al.Rhizome Rheumatoid arthritis, bone disorder Inhibit the decrease in bone mineral density, stimulate proliferation and mineralization of osteoblast, inhibit formation and bone resorption of osteoclast/seroidal saponins [151 , 152 ] Dipsacaceae Dipsacus asperoides C. Y. Cheng et T. M. AiRoot Traumatic ecchymoma, injury of muscles, bone fractures Inhibit bone loss induced by ovariectomy, enhance osteoblast maturation and differentiation by increasing BMP-2 synthesis and activating p38 and ERK1/2/asperosaponin VI [108 , 153 ] Ericaceae Vaccinium angustifolium Aiton Fruit Cardiovascular disease Prevent bone loss in ovarian hormone deficiency, stimulate osteoblast differentiation and reduce mesenchymal stromal cell senescence/phenolic acids (gallic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, chlorogenic, p-coumaric, caffeic, ferulic and ellagic acids), flavonoids (anthocyanins, catechin, epichatechin, quercetin, kaempferol and myrecetin) [154 ] Eucommiaceae Eucommia ulmoides Oliv.Bark Hypertension, renal injury Prevent estrogen deficiency-induced bone loss, increase osteoblast proliferation and inhibit differentiation of osteoclast/lignans, iridoids, flavonoids and terpenoids [155 –157 ] Euphorbiaceae Emblica officinalis Gaertn.Fruit Dyslipidemia, atherosclerosis Induce osteoclast apoptosis through downregulating the expression of IL-6 and NF-κ B [158 ] Fabaceae Erythrina variegata LinnStem bark Stomachache, rheumatism, eye ailments, swellings Suppress the bone loss by inhibiting osteoclast differentiation and maturation/genistein derivatives [159 , 160 ] Fabaceae Glycine max (Linn.) Merr. Seed Cardiovascular disease, cancer, osteoporosis, renal function See section 3.1.2 [27 –33 ] Fabaceae Onobrychis ebenoides Boiss. et Spruner Whole plant Estrogenic activity Decrease bone loss without affecting body and uterine weight/isoflavones (ebenosin, afrormosin, formononetin and daidzein), benzofurans and benzoypyrans (ebenfuran I, ebenfuran II and ebenfuran III ) [161 –163 ]
Fabaceae Psoralea corylifolia L. Fruit Bone fracture, osteomalacia and osteoporosis See section 3.1.3 [34 –37 ] Fabaceae Pueraria lobate (Willd.) OhwiRoot Influenza, hypertension, angina pectoris See section 3.1.4 [38 –41 ] Fabaceae Pueraria mirifica Airy Shaw et SuvatabandhuRoot Reproductive organs, cardiovascular diseases, climacteric related symptoms See section 3.1.4 [42 , 43 ] Fabaceae Rhynchosia volubilis Lour.Seed Toothache, rheumatic arthritis, snake bite Facilitate osteoblastic MG-63 cell proliferation/genistein and daidzein [164 ] Fabaceae Sophora japonica L.Fruit Hematochezia, bleeding hemorrhoids Suppress formation and differentiation of osteoclast/isoflavonoids [165 , 166 ] Fabaceae Butea monosperma (L.) Kuntze Stem bark Bone fracture Prevent OVX-induced bone loss by stimulating bone formation/methoxyisoflavones (cajanin, isoformononetin, cladrin and medicarpin) [167 ] Fabaceae Phaseolus vulgaris L Seed Estrogenic activity Prevent estrogen deficiency-induced osteopenia without affecting the uterine mass [168 ] Fabaceae Trifolium pratense L. Aerial parts Menopause symptoms, cardiovascular disease See section 3.1.5 [44 –47 ] Ginkgoaceae Ginkgo biloba Linn.Leaf Cardiovascular disease Reverse bone loss in glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis and mandibular osteoporosis/kaempferol, quercetin, isorhamnetin, and terpenoids (ginkgolides and bilobalides) [169 , 170 ] Juglandaceae Juglans regia L. Fuit Heart disease, prostate cancer, hyperlipidemic Induce nodule formation of osteoblast/ellagic acid, α -tocopherol, fatty acids, flavonoids and phenolic acids [171 ] Labiatae Ajuga decumbens Thunb.Whole plant Hypertension, hemoptysis, carbuncles and joint pain Downregulate the differentiation of osteoclast, upregulate mineralization of osteoblast-like MC3T3-E1 cells [172 ] Labiatae Salvia miltiorrhiza BgeRoot Cardiovascular diseases See section 3.1.6 [48 –52 ] Lauraceae Cinnamomum cassia (L.) C. PreslBark Dyspepsia, gastritis, blood circulation disturbances, inflammatory diseases Stimulate bone formation in vitro and may contribute to the prevention of osteoporosis and inflammatory bone diseases/cinnamic aldehyde, cinnamic alcohol, cinnamic acid, and coumarin [173 ] Liliaceae Allium cepa L.Bulb Insomnia, hyperglycemic, Decrease the ovariectomy-induced bone resorption via attenuation of RANKL—induced ERK, p38, and NF-
B activation [174 ] Liliaceae Allium sativum L.Bulb Influenza, dysentery, tuberculosis Prevent bone loss, reverse the low BMD and low tensile strength caused by ovariectomy/allicin, allylmethyltrisulphide, diallyldisulphide, ajoene, monoterpenes (citral, geraniol and linalool), and flavonoids (quercetin and rutin) [175 ] Liliaceae Anemarrhena asphodeloides Bge. Rhizome Lung disease, fever, diabetes and constipation Prevent OVX-induced bone loss in rats through the promotion of bone formation but not the inhibition of bone resorption/steroidal saponins [176 ]
Liliaceae Polygonatum sibiricum Red.Rhizome Hypotension, Prevent bone loss/polysaccharide [177 ] Linaceae Linum usitatissimum L.Seed Postmenopausal osteoporosis See section 3.1.7 [53 –56 ] Lythraceae Heimia myrtifolia Cham.Leaf Osteoporosis Stimulate formation and mineralization of osteoblastic cell lines HOS58 and saos-2/vertine (cryogenine), lythrine, lythridine, polyphenols [178 ] Malvaceae Abelmoschus manihot (L.) Medik. Leaf Chronic glomerulonephritis Reduce bone loss in conditions of estrogen deficiency/calcium [179 ] Menispermaceae Tinospora cordifolia Stem Dyspepsia, fever, urinary diseases Estrogenic activity, prevent bone loss in ovariectomized rats/alkaloids, terpenoids, glycosides, sterols, lactones and fatty acids [180 ] Myrsinaceae Labisia pumila var. alata (Scheff.) Mez.Root Menstrual irregularities, painful menstruation Prevent the changes in bone biochemical markers but failed to prevent the bone calcium loss induced by ovariectomy/C15 monoene resorcinols, phenolic compounds, flavonoids [181 ] Oleaceae Ligustrum lucidum Ait. Fruit Menopausal problems, tinnitus, rheumatic pains, palpitations, insomnia symptoms Improve bone properties in aged rats via increasing osteoblast formation and mineralization/oleanolic acid, ursolic acid, acetyloleanolic acid [182 , 183 ] Orchidaceae Anoectochilus formosanus HayataWhole plants Lung disease, pleurodynia, abdominal pain, fever, hypertension and snake bites Suppress the bone loss caused by estrogen deficiency through suppression of RANKL expression required for osteoclast formation. [184 ] Orobanchaceae Cistanche deserticola Y. C. MaStem Forgetfulness, loss of hearing, chronic constipation. Enhanced bone mineral density and bone mineral content/harmine [101 ] Orobanchaceae Cistanche salsa (C. A. Mey.) G. BeckStem Kidney deficiency, neurasthenia Suppress bone loss in ovariectomized mice/(2E, 6R)-8-hydroxy-2, 6-dimethyl-2-octenoic acid [185 ] Pleurotaceae Pleurotus eryngii (De Candolle: Fr.) Quel.Fruiting body Liver, kidney and gastrointestinal disorders Alleviate the decrease in the trabecular bond mineral density in ovariectomized rats, increase the ALP activity and secretion of osteoprotegerin, improve the osteocalcin mRNA and Runx2 gene expression in osteoblasts; [186 ] Polypodiaceae Drynaria fortunei (Kunze) J. Sm.Rhizome Bone fractures and joint diseases See section 3.1.8 [57 –61 ] Punicaceae Punica granatum Linn. Fruit Parasitic infections, ulcers, diarrhea, dysentery, hemorrhage, respiratory pathologies Increase bone volume and trabecular number, and decrease trabecular separation in OVX rats/genistein, daidzein, ellagitannins and ellagic acid [187 ] Ranunculaceae Cimicifuga foetida L.Rhizome Cooling and detoxification agent Inhibit osteoclastic bone resorption, increase BMD in OVX mice/oxidized cycloartane-type triterpenoids and phenol type derivatives [188 ] Ranunculaceae Cimicifuga racemosa (L.) NuttallRhizome Dysmenorrhea, labor pains, menopausal symptoms See section 3.1.9 [62 –66 ]
Rosaceae Prunus mume Sieb et ZUCC.Fruit Chronic gastritis Increase alkaline phosphatase activity, cell proliferation and mineralization, enhance the expression of BMP-2 of osteoblast/citric acid, malic acid, chlorogenic acid and 5-hydroxymethy-furfural [189 , 190 ] Rosaceae Rubus coreanus Miq. Fruit Impotence, spermatorrhoea, and back pain Prevent bone loss caused by estrogen deficiency by dual regulation of the enhancement of osteoblast function and induction of osteoclast apoptosis/ellagic acid, fupenzic acid, β -sitosterol [191 , 192 ] Rubiaceae Morinda officinalis HowRoot Rheumatism See Section 3.1.10 [67 –71 ] Rutaceae Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf. Fruit Gastritis, dysentery, digestive tract ulcers, uterine contraction, and cardiovascular diseases Inhibit glucocorticoid-induced bone loss by decreasing expression of anxA6/flavone (poncirin, hesperidin, rhoifolin, naringin, neohesperidin) [193 ] Rutaceae Citrus paradisi Macf.Fruit Digestion system, lose weight Improve bone quality by enhancing bone mineral deposition in ORX rats/vitamin C, hesperidin and limonoids [194 , 195 ] Scrophulariaceae Rehmannia glutinosa LiboschRoot Haemostatic, cardiotonic, and diuretic agent Increase ALP activity and the expression of the OPG of osteoblast, decrease the number of TRAP-positive MNCs and the resorption areas of osteoclast, alleviate the decrease in the trabecular BMD, and increase the cortical bone thickness ovariectomy-induced osteoporotic rats/luteolin, mannitol, stigmasterol, campesterol, catalpol, rehmannin. [196 ] Solanaceae Withania somnifera Dunn. Root Nerve diseases and anxiety Inhibit bone loss in ovariectomized rats/withanolides [197 ] Taxaceae Taxus yunnanensis cheng et L.K. Seed, Cancer Increase bone mineral content and bone mineral density in ovariectomized rats/isotaxiresinol, taxol, harringtonine [90 ] Theaceae Stewartia koreana Nakai ex Rehd.Leaf Inflammatory diseases Inhibit osteoclast differentiation and prevent inflammatory bone loss/spinasterol glycoside [198 ] Ulmaceae Ulmus davidiana Planch. Bark Oedema, mastitis, gastric cancer and inflammation Promote osteoblastic differentiation by increasing bone morphogenic protein-2 as well as ALP mRNA expression in MC3T3-E1 cells, inhibit bone resorption/davidianones A, B, and C, mansonones E, F, H, and I [199 ] Ulmaceae Ulmus wallichiana Planch.Bark Bone fracture Mitigate ovariectomy-induced osteoporosis in rats, stimulate osteoblast function and inhibit osteoclast differentiation/quercetin-6-C-β -D-glucopyranoside [200 –203 ] Verbenaceae Vitex agnus-castus L. Fruit Premenstrual symptoms, climacteric complaints Protect bone in orchidectomized rats/apigenin, cascitin, and dopaminergic compounds [204 ] Vitaceae Cissus quadrangularis L. Aerial parts, Hemorrhoids, menstrual disorders, scurvy, flatulence, bone fractures, bone diseases Prevent bone loss in ovariectomized rats, stimulate osteoblastogenesis through up-regulation of MAPK-dependent alkaline phosphatase activity/β -sitosterol, δ -amyrin, δ -amyrone, favanoids (quercetin), 6′-O-trans-cinnamoyl-catalpol [205 –207 ]
Zingiberaceae Curcuma comosa Roxb.Rhizome Postpartum, uterine bleeding, inflammation Prevent bone loss induced by estrogen deficiency/diarylheptanoids, curcumin [208 , 209 ]
