Research Article

Reflexology versus Swedish Massage to Reduce Physiologic Stress and Pain and Improve Mood in Nursing Home Residents with Cancer: A Pilot Trial

Table 1

Group means and SDS for outcomes, difference scores (change in treatment values), and effect size estimates.

Outcome of interestArmMeans ± SDESP °
BaselinePost-treatmentChange from baseline

Salivary cortisol (ug/dL)1.257 ± 1.1
R.157 ± .09−0.10*−.13
M.209 ± .08−0.05*−.100.23

Positive affect21.58 ± 0.93
R2.25 ± 0.9+0.67*+.73
M1.94 ± 1.0+0.36*+.300.16

Negative affect31.17 ± .95
R.823 ± .72−0.35*−.42
M.941 ± .82−0.23*−.300.16

Pain42.29 ± 1.2
R2.00 ± .79−0.29*−.35
M1.58 ± 1.2−0.71*−.770.22

1Higher score: higher physiologic stress.
2Higher score: higher positive affect.
³Higher score: worse negative affect.
4Higher score: higher observed pain
R: Reflexology, M: Swedish Massage; SD: standard deviation; ES: standardized effect sizes.
-test comparing Reflexology and Swedish Massage Conditions.
*Indicates paired -test results demonstrating significant change from baseline ( ).