Copyright © 2012 You-Chang Oh et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Linked References

1. S. Becker, S. Mundandhara, R. B. Devlin, and M. Madden, “Regulation of cytokine production in human alveolar macrophages and airway epithelial cells in response to ambient air pollution particles: further mechanistic studies,” Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, vol. 207, no. 2, pp. 269–275, 2005. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
2. G. F. Pierce, “Macrophages: important physiologic and pathologic sources of polypeptide growth factors,” American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 233–234, 1990. View at Scopus
3. M. Guslandi, “Nitric oxide and inflammatory bowel diseases,” European Journal of Clinical Investigation, vol. 28, no. 11, pp. 904–907, 1998. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
4. R. K. Simons, W. G. Junger, W. H. Loomis, and D. B. Hoyt, “Acute lung injury in endotoxemic rats is associated with sustained circulating IL-6 levels and intrapulmonary cinc activity and neutrophil recruitment—role of circulating TNF-α and IL-β?” Shock, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 39–45, 1996. View at Scopus
5. T. Tajima, T. Murata, K. Aritake et al., “Lipopolysaccharide induces macrophage migration via prostaglandin D2 and prostaglandin E₂,” Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, vol. 326, no. 2, pp. 493–501, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
6. J. H. Yen, V. P. Kocieda, H. Jing, and D. Ganea, “Prostaglandin E₂ induces matrix metalloproteinase 9 expression in dendritic cells through two independent signaling pathways leading to activator protein 1 (AP-1) activation,” The Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol. 286, no. 45, pp. 38913–38923, 2011.
7. S. S. Makarov, “NF-κb as a therapeutic target in chronic inflammation: recent advances,” Molecular Medicine Today, vol. 6, no. 11, pp. 441–448, 2000. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
8. R. de Martin, B. Vanhove, Q. Cheng et al., “Cytokine-inducible expression in endothelial cells of an IκBα-like gene is regulated by NFκB,” The EMBO Journal, vol. 12, no. 7, pp. 2773–2779, 1993. View at Scopus
9. D. W. Gilroy, T. Lawrence, M. Perretti, and A. G. Rossi, “Inflammatory resolution: new opportunities for drug discovery,” Nature Reviews Drug Discovery, vol. 3, no. 5, pp. 401–416, 2004. View at Scopus
10. E. D. Chan and D. W. H. Riches, “Potential role of the JNK/SAPK signal transduction pathway in the induction of iNOS by TNF-α,” Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, vol. 253, no. 3, pp. 790–796, 1998. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
11. B. C. Chen, Y. H. Chen, and W. W. Lin, “Involvement of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase in lipopolysaccharide-induced iNOS and COX-2 expression in J774 macrophages,” Immunology, vol. 97, no. 1, pp. 124–129, 1999. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
12. Y. H. Kim, S. H. Lee, J. Y. Lee, S. W. Choi, J. W. Park, and T. K. Kwon, “Triptolide inhibits murine-inducible nitric oxide synthase expression by down-regulating lipopolysaccharide-induced activity of nuclear factor-κB and c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase,” European Journal of Pharmacology, vol. 494, no. 1, pp. 1–9, 2004. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
13. H. J. Choi, O. H. Kang, P. S. Park et al., “Mume Fructus water extract inhibits pro-inflammatory mediators in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated macrophages,” Journal of Medicinal Food, vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 460–466, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
14. Y. C. Oh, W. K. Cho, J. H. Oh et al., “Fermentation by Lactobacillus enhances anti-inflammatory effect of Oyaksungisan on LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 mouse macrophage cells,” BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, vol. 12, no. 1, article 17, 2012. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
15. T. H. Chung, T. J. Kang, W. K. Cho et al., “Effectiveness of the novel herbal medicine, KIOM-MA, and its bioconversion product, KIOM-MA128, on the treatment of atopic dermatitis,” Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, vol. 2012, Article ID 762918, 9 pages, 2012. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
16. D. S. Kim, S. H. Kim, B. K. Kim, M. C. Yang, and J. Y. Ma, “Antiasthmatic effects of herbal complex MA and its fermented product MA128,” Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, vol. 2012, Article ID 769508, 12 pages, 2012. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
17. C. Li, G. Yang, and J. Ruan, “Sphingosine kinase-1/sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor type 1 signalling axis is induced by transforming growth factor-β1 and stimulates cell migration in RAW264. 7 macrophages,” Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, vol. 426, no. 3, pp. 415–420, 2012. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
18. J. W. Rhee, K. W. Lee, D. Kim et al., “NF-κB-dependent regulation of matrix metalloproteinase-9 gene expression by lipopolysaccharide in a macrophage cell line RAW 264.7,” Journal of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, vol. 40, no. 1, pp. 88–94, 2007. View at Scopus
19. A. Kim, M. J. Kim, Y. Yang, J. W. Kim, Y. I. Yeom, and J. S. Lim, “Suppression of NF-κB activity by NDRG2 expression attenuates the invasive potential of highly malignant tumor cells,” Carcinogenesis, vol. 30, no. 6, pp. 927–936, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
20. H. Y. Jo, Y. Kim, S. Y. Nam et al., “The inhibitory effect of quercitrin gallate on iNOS expression induced by lipopolysaccharide in Balb/c mice,” Journal of Veterinary Science, vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 267–272, 2008. View at Scopus
21. H. Y. Kim, J. K. Kim, J. H. Choi et al., “Hepatoprotective effect of pinoresinol on carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatic damage in mice,” Journal of Pharmacological Sciences, vol. 112, no. 1, pp. 105–112, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
22. T. J. Guzik, R. Korbut, and T. Adamek-Guzik, “Nitric oxide and superoxide in inflammation and immune regulation,” Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology, vol. 54, no. 4, pp. 469–487, 2003. View at Scopus
23. G. J. Southan and C. Szabó, “Selective pharmacological inhibition of distinct nitric oxide synthase isoforms,” Biochemical Pharmacology, vol. 51, no. 4, pp. 383–394, 1996. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
24. A. R. Brasier, “The NF-κB regulatory network,” Cardiovascular Toxicology, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 111–130, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
25. T. D. Gilmore, “Multiple mutations contribute to the oncogenicity of the retroviral oncoprotein v-Rel,” Oncogene, vol. 18, no. 49, pp. 6925–6937, 1999. View at Scopus
26. T. D. Gilmore, “Introduction to NF-κB: players, pathways, perspectives,” Oncogene, vol. 25, no. 51, pp. 6680–6684, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
27. N. D. Perkins, “Integrating cell-signalling pathways with NF-κB and IKK function,” Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 49–62, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
28. B. Tian and A. R. Brasier, “Identification of a nuclear factor κ B-dependent gene network,” Recent Progress in Hormone Research, vol. 58, pp. 95–130, 2003. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
29. F. Chen, D. C. Kuhn, S. C. Sun, L. J. Gaydos, and L. M. Demers, “Dependence and reversal of nitric oxide production on NF-κB in silica and lipopolysaccharide-induced macrophages,” Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, vol. 214, no. 3, pp. 839–846, 1995. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
30. A. K. Roshak, J. R. Jackson, K. McGough, M. Chabot-Fletcher, E. Mochan, and L. A. Marshall, “Manipulation of distinct NFκB proteins alters interleukin-1β-induced human rheumatoid synovial fibroblast prostaglandin E₂ formation,” The Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol. 271, no. 49, pp. 31496–31501, 1996. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
31. J. F. Schmedtje Jr., Y. S. Ji, W. L. Liu, R. N. DuBois, and M. S. Runge, “Hypoxia induces cyclooxygenase-2 via the NF-κB p65 transcription factor in human vascular endothelial cells,” The Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol. 272, no. 1, pp. 601–608, 1997. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
32. W. Xie, J. R. Merrill, W. S. Bradshaw, and D. L. Simmons, “Structural determination and promoter analysis of the chicken mitogen-inducible prostaglandin G/H synthase gene and genetic mapping of the murine homolog,” Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics, vol. 300, no. 1, pp. 247–252, 1993. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
33. Q. W. Xie, Y. Kashiwabara, and C. Nathan, “Role of transcription factor NF-κB/Rel in induction of nitric oxide synthase,” The Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol. 269, no. 7, pp. 4705–4708, 1994. View at Scopus
34. K. S. Ahn, E. J. Noh, H. L. Zhao, S. H. Jung, S. S. Kang, and Y. S. Kim, “Inhibition of inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase II by Platycodon grandiflorum saponins via suppression of nuclear factor-κB activation in RAW 264.7 cells,” Life Sciences, vol. 76, no. 20, pp. 2315–2328, 2005. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
35. P. J. Barnes and M. Karin, “Nuclear factor-κB—a pivotal transcription factor in chronic inflammatory diseases,” The New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 336, no. 15, pp. 1066–1071, 1997. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
36. Y. C. Chen, L. L. Yang, and T. J. F. Lee, “Oroxylin A inhibition of lipopolysaccharide-induced iNOS and COX-2 gene expression via suppression of nuclear factor-κB activation,” Biochemical Pharmacology, vol. 59, no. 11, pp. 1445–1457, 2000. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
37. Y. M. Kim, B. S. Lee, K. Y. Yi, and S. G. Paik, “Upstream NF-(κ)B site is required for the maximal expression of mouse inducible nitric oxide synthase gene in interferon-γ plus lipopolysaccharide-induced RAW 264.7 macrophages,” Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, vol. 236, no. 3, pp. 655–660, 1997. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
38. M. Caivano, “Role of MAP kinase cascades in inducing arginine transporters and nitric oxide synthetase in RAW264 macrophages,” FEBS Letters, vol. 429, no. 3, pp. 249–253, 1998. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
39. I. G. Chae, M. H. Yu, N. K. Im et al., “Effect of Rosemarinus officinalis L. on MMP-9, MCP-1 levels, and cell migration in RAW 264. 7 and smooth muscle cells,” Journal of Medicinal Food, vol. 15, no. 10, pp. 879–886, 2012. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
40. C. S. Seo, J. A. Lee, D. Jung et al., “Simultaneous determination of liquiritin, hesperidin, and glycyrrhizin by HPLC-photodiode array detection and the anti-inflammatory effect of Pyungwi-san,” Archives of Pharmacal Research, vol. 34, no. 2, pp. 203–210, 2011. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
41. D. Zhao, M. N. Islam, B. R. Ahn, H. A. Jung, B. W. Kim, and J. S. Choi, “In vitro antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of Angelica decursiva,” Archives of Pharmacal Research, vol. 35, no. 1, pp. 179–192, 2012. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
42. J. Wu, J. Zhou, X. Chen et al., “Attenuation of LPS-induced inflammation by ICT, a derivate of icariin, via inhibition of the CD14/TLR4 signaling pathway in human monocytes,” International Immunopharmacology, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 74–79, 2012. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
43. C. Q. Xu, B. J. Liu, J. F. Wu et al., “Icariin attenuates LPS-induced acute inflammatory responses: involvement of PI3K/Akt and NFκB signaling pathway,” European Journal of Pharmacology, vol. 642, no. 1–3, pp. 146–153, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
44. H. Honda, Y. Nagai, T. Matsunaga et al., “Glycyrrhizin and isoliquiritigenin suppress the LPS sensor Toll-like receptor 4/MD-2 complex signaling in a different manner,” Journal of Leukocyte Biology, vol. 91, no. 6, pp. 967–976, 2012.
45. J. H. Kim, J. H. Jeong, S. T. Jeon et al., “Decursin inhibits induction of inflammatory mediators by blocking nuclear factor-κB activation in macrophages,” Molecular Pharmacology, vol. 69, no. 6, pp. 1783–1790, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus