Table 2: Inhibitory activities exhibited by B. rotunda extracts.

Inhibition Sources References (1) Toxicity test Rhizomes Saraithong et al. [40] Charoensin et al. [41] (2) Antimicrobial activities      (A) Anti-Helicobacter pylori activity Rhizomes Bhamarapravati et al. [42] Mahady et al. [43]  (B) Pathogenic and spoilage bacteria inhibition activities Rhizomes Pattaratanawadee et al. [44] Rukayadi et al. [45]  (C) Antiamoebic activity for HIV patients Rhizomes Sawangjaroen et al. [46] (3) Antiparasitic activity      Antigiardial activity Rhizomes Sawangjaroen et al. [47] (4) Oral infections      (A) Inhibition of biofilm formation by oral pathogens Rhizomes Limsuwan and Voravuthikunchai, [48] Yanti et al. [49]   (B) Antiperiodontitis activity of B. rotunda extract   Yanti et al. [49, 50]   (C) Inhibition of Candida albicans Dried plant Cheeptham and Towers, [51] Taweechaisupapong et al., [52]   (D) Anticariogenic Rhizomes Hwang et al. [53, 54]   (E) Candida adhesion inhibitor Rhizomes Sroisiri and Boonyanit, [55]   (F) Antihalitosis Rhizomes Hwang et al. (patented) [56] (5) Inhibition of biofilm formation by intestinal pathogens Rhizomes Rukayadi et al. [57] (6) Antioxidant activities      (A) Inhibition of lipid peroxidation in brain Rhizomes Shindo et al. [29]  (B) Inhibition of oxidative damages by -butylhydroperoxide (t-BHP) Rhizomes Sohn et al. [58] (7) Antiulcer effect Rhizomes Abdelwahab et al. [59] (8) Obesity treatment Rhizomes Kim et al. [60] (9) Antimutagenic effect Rhizomes Trakoontivakorn et al. [23] (10) Antitumour necrosis factor alpha (anti-TNF-) Rhizomes Morikawa et al. [35] (11) Anticancer/antitumour      (A) Breast cancer and colon cancer prevention Roots and rhizomes Kirana et al. [61] Zaeoung et al. [28] Kirana et al. [62] Ling et al. [63]  (B) Inhibition of prostate cancers Rhizomes Yun et al. [64]  (C) Antilung cancer Rhizomes Cheah et al. [65]  (D) Antileukemia Rhizomes Sukari et al. [34] (12) Antifungal activities      (A) Antifungal activities against AIDS-related fungal infections Rhizomes Phongpaichit et al. [66]  (B) Inhibition of spoilage and aflatoxin producing fungi Rhizomes Pattaratanawadee et al. [44] (13) Inhibition of Ca2+ signal in yeast model Rhizomes Wangkangwan et al. [67] (14) Antiviral activities      (A) Anti-HIV-1 protease activity Rhizomes Tewtrakul et al. [26, 27] Cheenpracha et al. [30]  (B) Inhibition of dengue NS2B/NS3 protease Rhizomes Tan et al. 2006  (C) Antifoot and mouth disease virus Rhizomes Chungsamarnyart et al. [68] (15) Anti-inflammatory      (A) TPA-induced ear oedema Rhizomes Tuchinda et al. [25]  (B) Inflammation by nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), and tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) Rhizomes Tewtrakul et al. [69]  (C) Anti-inflammation effect caused by Rhizomes (powder) Boonjaraspinyo et al. [70] (16) Inhibition of platelet-activating factor (PAF) receptor binding effect Rhizomes Jantan et al. [71]