Boesenbergia rotunda: From Ethnomedicine to Drug Discovery

Table 2

Inhibitory activities exhibited by B. rotunda extracts.

Inhibition	Sources	References
(1) Toxicity test	Rhizomes	Saraithong et al. [40]
		Charoensin et al. [41]
(2) Antimicrobial activities
(A) Anti-Helicobacter pylori activity	Rhizomes	Bhamarapravati et al. [42]
		Mahady et al. [43]
(B) Pathogenic and spoilage bacteria inhibition activities	Rhizomes	Pattaratanawadee et al. [44]
		Rukayadi et al. [45]
(C) Antiamoebic activity for HIV patients	Rhizomes	Sawangjaroen et al. [46]
(3) Antiparasitic activity
Antigiardial activity	Rhizomes	Sawangjaroen et al. [47]
(4) Oral infections
(A) Inhibition of biofilm formation by oral pathogens	Rhizomes	Limsuwan and Voravuthikunchai, [48]
		Yanti et al. [49]
(B) Antiperiodontitis activity of B. rotunda extract		Yanti et al. [49, 50]
(C) Inhibition of Candida albicans	Dried plant	Cheeptham and Towers, [51]
		Taweechaisupapong et al., [52]
(D) Anticariogenic	Rhizomes	Hwang et al. [53, 54]
(E) Candida adhesion inhibitor	Rhizomes	Sroisiri and Boonyanit, [55]
(F) Antihalitosis	Rhizomes	Hwang et al. (patented) [56]
(5) Inhibition of biofilm formation by intestinal pathogens	Rhizomes	Rukayadi et al. [57]
(6) Antioxidant activities
(A) Inhibition of lipid peroxidation in brain	Rhizomes	Shindo et al. [29]
(B) Inhibition of oxidative damages by 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑡-butylhydroperoxide (t-BHP)	Rhizomes	Sohn et al. [58]
(7) Antiulcer effect	Rhizomes	Abdelwahab et al. [59]
(8) Obesity treatment	Rhizomes	Kim et al. [60]
(9) Antimutagenic effect	Rhizomes	Trakoontivakorn et al. [23]
(10) Antitumour necrosis factor alpha (anti-TNF-𝛼)	Rhizomes	Morikawa et al. [35]
(11) Anticancer/antitumour
(A) Breast cancer and colon cancer prevention	Roots and rhizomes	Kirana et al. [61]
		Zaeoung et al. [28]
		Kirana et al. [62]
		Ling et al. [63]
(B) Inhibition of prostate cancers	Rhizomes	Yun et al. [64]
(C) Antilung cancer	Rhizomes	Cheah et al. [65]
(D) Antileukemia	Rhizomes	Sukari et al. [34]
(12) Antifungal activities
(A) Antifungal activities against AIDS-related fungal infections	Rhizomes	Phongpaichit et al. [66]
(B) Inhibition of spoilage and aflatoxin producing fungi	Rhizomes	Pattaratanawadee et al. [44]
(13) Inhibition of Ca^2+ signal in yeast model	Rhizomes	Wangkangwan et al. [67]
(14) Antiviral activities
(A) Anti-HIV-1 protease activity	Rhizomes	Tewtrakul et al. [26, 27]
		Cheenpracha et al. [30]
(B) Inhibition of dengue NS2B/NS3 protease	Rhizomes	Tan et al. 2006
(C) Antifoot and mouth disease virus	Rhizomes	Chungsamarnyart et al. [68]
(15) Anti-inflammatory
(A) TPA-induced ear oedema	Rhizomes	Tuchinda et al. [25]
(B) Inflammation by nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), and tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α)	Rhizomes	Tewtrakul et al. [69]
(C) Anti-inflammation effect caused by 𝑂𝑝𝑖𝑠𝑡ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑐ℎ𝑖𝑠𝑣𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑖	Rhizomes (powder)	Boonjaraspinyo et al. [70]
(16) Inhibition of platelet-activating factor (PAF) receptor binding effect	Rhizomes	Jantan et al. [71]