Red Ginseng Extract Attenuates Kainate-Induced Excitotoxicity by Antioxidative Effects

Figure 3

Effect of RGE and scavengers on [Ca²⁺]_i influx in primary cultured hippocampal cells. (a) Concentration data for KA-induced [Ca²⁺]_i in primary cultured hippocampal neurons. Examination of the dose effect of KA on neuronal [Ca²⁺]_i by the Ca²⁺ indicator with fura-4. Neurons were exposed to KA at concentrations of 0, 30, 50, 70, and 100 μM for 48 h. (b) Protection of hippocampal neurons against KA-induced [Ca²⁺]_i by RGE. Neurons were exposed to 100 μM KA at 1 h after 0.01–1.0 mg/mL of RGE, trolox (100 μM), or DMTU (100 μM) treatment. All data are presented as means ± SE. ^###𝑃<0.001 versus the control group. *𝑃<0.05, and **𝑃<0.01, ***𝑃<0.001 versus the KA group.

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