Yoga & Cancer Interventions: A Review of the Clinical Significance of Patient Reported Outcomes for Cancer Survivors

Table 2

(a) HRQL Measures—Control DesignTable. (b) Psychosocial Measures—Control Design. (c) Symptom Measures—Control Design. (d) HRQL Measures—Single Group Design. (e) Psychosocial Measures—Single Group Design. (f) Symptom Measures—Single Group Design.

(a)  

Study	Outcome measure	Internal consistency; (Cronbach α)	SEM (Baseline SD ×  √1 − Cronbach α)		Baseline 0.5 SD		Baseline Mean (SD)		Within-Groups Mean; Difference (95% CI)		Within-Groups; Effect Size—Hedges’ g; (95% CI)		Between Groups; Mean Difference; (95% CI)	Between Groups; Effect size—Hedges’ g (95% CI)
			Yoga	Control	Yoga	Control	Yoga	Control	Yoga	Control	Yoga	Control
Chandwani et al., 2010 [10]	SF36 PCS						41.50	41.8	1.60	−2.80	0.18	−0.27	4.40	0.46
	(Physical)	.90	2.60	3.40	4.10	5.30	(8.20)	(10.6)	[−1.74, 4.94]	[−6.35, 0.75]	[−0.19, 0.54]	[−0.62, 0.08]	[−0.52, 9.32]^c	[−0.06, 0.97]
	SF36 MCS						47.80	48.0	1.90	1.90	0.17	0.18	0.00	0.00
	(Mental)	.90	3.80	3.50	6.00	5.60	(12.00)	(11.1)	[−2.16, 5.96]	[−1.76, 5.56]	[−0.19, 0.54]	[−0.17, 0.52]	[−5.45, 5.45]	[−0.51, 0.51]
Culos-Reed et al., 2006; [12]	EORTC-QoL						64.58	62.04	13.66	0.46	0.56	0.03	13.20	0.67
	(Overall)	.89	8.50	4.26	12.82	6.43	(25.63)	(12.85)	[2.85, 24.47]^ab	[−6.16, 7.08]	[0.08, 1.04]*	[−0.41, 0.47]	[0.52, 25.88]^cd	[0.01, 1.32]*
	EORTC-Emo						79.58	75.00	4.22	−4.17	0.23	−0.25	8.39	0.48
	(Emotional)	.80	9.01	6.64	10.07	7.43	(20.14)	(14.85)	[−4.05, 12.49]	[−11.57, 3.23]	[−0.22, 0.67]	[−0.70, 0.20]	[−2.71, 19.49]^cd	[−0.16, 1.13]
Danhauer et al., 2009; [13]	FACT-B						104.90	101.1	9.90	−2.70	0.48	−0.09	12.6	0.49
	(Overall)	.90	6.30	7.70	10.00	12.20	(19.90)	(24.4)	[−0.71, 20.51]^a	[−17.80, 12.40]	[−0.06, 1.02]	[−0.58, 0.41]	[−6.12, 31.32]^cd	[−0.25, 1.24]
	FACT-SWB						23.30	21.4	−0.20	−1.00	−0.04	−0.15	0.80	0.14
	(Social)	.69	2.60	3.00	2.60	2.70	(4.70)	(5.4)	[−2.84, 2.44]	[−4.26, 2.26]	[−0.55, 0.47]	[−0.65, 0.35]	[−3.43, 5.03]	[−0.60, 0.87]
	FACT-FWB						18.70	18.0	3.20	−0.60	0.57	−0.08	3.80	0.58
	(Functional)	.86	2.60	3.10	2.90	3.50	(5.70)	(6.9)	[0.33, 6.07]^ab	[−4.38, 3.18]	[0.01, 1.12]*	[−0.57, 0.42]	[−1.00, 8.60]^cd	[−0.17, 1.34]
	FACT-EWB						18.10	18.5	2.70	−0.30	0.70	−0.05	3.00	0.61
	(Emotional)	.69	2.00	2.70	2.00	2.60	(3.90)	(5.2)	[0.74, 4.66]^ab	[−3.29, 2.69]	[0.13, 1.28]*	[−0.54, 0.44]	[−0.63, 6.63]^cd	[−0.15, 1.35]
	FACT-PWB						19.70	20.7	2.80	0.40	0.36	0.07	2.40	0.36
	(Physical)	.81	3.00	2.20	3.50	2.60	(7.00)	(5.1)	[−1.18, 6.78]	[−2.44, 3.24]	[−0.17, 0.89]	[−0.42, 0.56]	[−2.44, 7.24]^c	[−0.38, 1.10]
	SF-12 PCS						42.70	40.6	2.10	2.10	0.16	0.18	0.00	0.00
	(Physical)	.86	4.50	3.80	6.1 0	5.10	(12.10)	(10.1)	[−4.56, 8.76]	[−3.68, 7.88]	[−0.35, 0.67]	[−0.32, 0.68]	[−8.79, 8.79]	[−0.73.0.73]
	SF-12 MCS						43.40	49.9	8.80	−2.40	0.93	−0.18	11.20	1.00
	(Mental)	.81	4.40	4.50	5.10	5.10	(10.10)	(10.2)	[3.97, 13.63]^ab	[−8.90, 4.10]	[0.30, 1.55]**	[−0.68, 0.31]	[3.01, 19.39]^cd	[0.22, 1.78]**
Littman et al., 2011; [14]	FACT-B						89.00	87.8	1.30	−0.10	0.12	−0.01	1.40	0.11
	(Overall)	.90	2.97	4.49	4.70	7.10	(9.40)	(14.2)	[−2.58, 5.18]	[−5.61, 5.41]	[−0.24, 0.49]	[−0.37, 0.36]	[−5.34, 8.14]	[−0.42, 0.64]
	FACT-SWB						21.70	21.7	0.40	−0.80	0.08	−0.14	1.20	0.22
	(Social)	.69	2.84	3.01	2.60	2.70	(5.10)	(5.4)	[−1.51, 2.31]	[−2.96, 1.40]	[−0.29, 0.44]	[−0.50, 0.23]	[−1.68, 4.08]	[−0.31, 0.75]
	FACT-FWB						22.70	21.6	−0.10	0.10	−0.03	0.02	0.20	0.05
	(Functional)	.86	1.23	1.46	1.70	2.60	(3.30)	(5.1)	[−1.47, 1.27]	[−1.75, 1.95]	[−0.39, 0.34]	[−0.35, 0.39]	[−2.11, 2.51]	[−0.50, 0.57]
	FACT-EWB						19.80	20.3	0.50	0.50	0.14	0.17	0.00	0.00
	(Emotional)	.69	1.56	1.45	1.40	1.30	(2.80)	(2.6)	[−0.84, 1.84]	[−0.59, 1.59]	[−0.23, 0.51]	[−0.20, 0.54]	[−1.73, 1.73]	[−0.53, −0.53]
	FACT-PWB						24.70	24.2	0.70	0.10	0.33	0.02	0.60	0.18
	(Physical)	.81	1.00	1.7 0	1.20	2.00	(2.30)	(3.9)	[−0.08, 1.48]	[−1.47, 1.67]	[−0.05, 0.71]	[−0.34, 0.39]	[−1.16, 2.36]	[−0.35, 0.71]
Moadel et al., 2007; [15]	FACT-G						76.53	77.54	1.54	−7.16	0.09	−0.30	8.70	0.43
	(Overall)	.89	5.96	8.11	8.99	12.23	(17.98)	(24.45)	[−3.60, 6.68]	[−16.25, 1.93]	[−0.20, 0.37]	[−0.68, 0.09]	[−0.96, 18.36]^c	[−0.05, 0.91]
	FACT-SWB						20.98	22.12	−0.30	−3.95	−0.05	−0.60	3.65	0.60
	(Social)	.69	3.47	3.46	3.12	3.11	(6.23)	(6.22)	[−1.99, 1.39]	[−6.41, −1.49]^ab	[−0.34, 0.24]	[−1.00, −0.19]**	[0.75, 6.56]^cd	[0.11, 1.09]*
	FACT-FWB						18.33	18.19	−0.16	−1.98	−0.02	−0.26	1.82	0.26
	(Functional)	.80	2.85	3.45	3.19	3.86	(6.38)	(7.72)	[−2.08, 1.76]	[−4.88, 0.92]	[−0.31, 0.26]	[−0.63, 0.12]	[−1.53, 5.17]	[−0.22, 0.74]
	FACT-EWB						16.36	16.50	1.83	−0.41	0.40	−0.07	2.24	0.44
	(Emotional)	.74	2.43	3.03	2.39	2.97	(4.77)	(5.94)	[0.51, 3.14]**	[−2.65, 1.83]	[0.10, 0.70]**	[0.44, 0.31]	[−0.19, 4.67]	[−0.05, 0.92]
	FACT-PWB						20.87	20.73	0.16	−0.82	0.03	−0.12	0.98	0.16
	(Physical)	.82	2.24	2.98	2.64	3.52	(5.28)	(7.03)	[−1.51, 1.83]	[−3.39, 1.75]	[−0.26, 0.32]	[−0.49, 0.26]	[−1.96, 3.91]	[−0.32, 0.64]
Vadiraja et al., 2009; [16]	EORTC-Phys						73.20	62.72	0.06	6.24	0.00	0.20	6.18	0.23
	(Physical)	.71	12.49	16.68	11.60	15.49	(23.20)	(30.98)	[−7.30, 7.42]	[−4.19, 16.66]	[−0.29, 0.30]	[−0.14, 0.54]	[−6.24, 18.60]	[−0.23, 0.68]
	EORTC-Role						72.72	71.59	7.16	1.26	0.20	0.03	5.90	0.16
	(Role)	.52	24.15	25.22	17.43	18.20	(34.86)	(36.40)	[−3.32, 17.64]	[−11.81, 14.33]	[−0.10, 0.50]	[−0.30, 0.37]	[−10.64, 22.44]	[−0.29, 0.61]
	EORTC-Emo; (Emotional)						56.45	51.58	18.67	7.65	0.89	0.36	11.02	0.53
		.80	8.84	7.80	9.89	8.72	(19.77)	(17.44)	[12.47, 24.87]^ab	[0.48, 14.82]	[0.54, 1.25]***	[−0.01, 0.70]*	[1.57, 20.47]^cd	[0.07, 0.99]*
	EORTC-Cog						85.29	82.67	5.28	−1.90	0.30	−0.08	7.18	0.36
	(Cognitive)	.73	9.35	10.97	9.00	10.56	(18.00)	(21.12)	[0.13, 10.43]	[−9.66, 5.86]	[0.00, 0.61]*	[−0.42, 0.25]	[−1.83, 16.19]	[−0.10, 0.82]
	EORTC-Soc						52.82	52.41	2.14	−2.48	0.08	−0.10	4.62	0.18
	(Social)	.77	12.73	11.72	13.28	12.22	(26.55)	(24.43)	[−5.53, 9.81]	[−10.78, 5.82]	[−0.22, 0.38]	[−0.43, 0.23]	[−6.74, 15.98]	[−0.27, 0.64]

(b)  

Study	Outcome measure	Internal consistency (Cronbach α)	SEM (Baseline SD ×  √1 − Cronbach α)		Baseline 0.5 SD		Baseline Mean (SD)		Within-Groups; Mean Difference (95% CI)		Within-Groups; Effect Size—Hedges’ g (95% CI)		Between Groups; Mean Difference (95% CI)	Between Groups; Effect size—Hedges’ g (95% CI)
			Yoga	Control	Yoga	Control	Yoga	Control	Yoga	Control	Yoga	Control
Chandwani et al., 2010 [10]	CES-D 20						11.60	10.50	−5.00	−3.50	−0.48	−0.32	−1.50	−0.14
	(Depression)	.87	3.35	2.42	4.65	3.35	(9.30)	(6.70)	[−8.85, −1.15]^ab	[−7.23, 0.24]^a	[−0.86, −0.09]*	[−0.67, 0.03]	[−6.87, 3.87]	[−0.65, 0.37]
	STAI-State						36.30	32.70	−8.30	−2.50	−0.63	−0.20	−5.80	−0.46
	(Anxiety)	.94	3.36	2.45	6.85	5.00	(13.70)	(10.00)	[−13.09, −3.51]^ab	[−6.75, 1.75]^a	[−1.04, −0.23]**	[−0.55, 0.15]	[−12.18, 0.58]^cd	[−0.98, 0.05]
Cohen; et al., 2004 [11]	CES-D 20						10.20	9.60	−1.20	.10	−0.12	0.01	−1.30	−0.15
	(Depression)	.93	2.91	2.27	5.50	4.29	(11.00)	(8.57)	[−5.91, 3.51]	[−3.79, 4.00]	[−0.58, 0.35]	[−0.48, 0.51]	[−7.52, 4.92]	[−0.85, 0.55]
	STAI-State						34.30	37.80	−0.20	−4.00	−0.02	−0.30	−3.80	−0.31
	(Anxiety)	.95	2.75	3.26	6.15	7.30	(12.30)	(14.60)	[−5.54, 5.14]	[−10.65, 2.65]^a	[−0.48, 0.45]	[−0.80, 0.21]	[−12.24, 4.64]^c	[−1.02, 0.39]
Culos-Reed et al., 2006 [12]	POMS-D						4.70	5.44	−2.48	0.06	−0.34	0.01	−2.54	−0.39
	(Depression)	.95	1.76	1.14	3.93	2.55	(7.86)	(5.10)	[−5.68, 0.72]^a	[−2.54, 2.66]	[−0.80, 0.11]	[−0.43, 0.45]	[−6.66, 1.58]^c	[−1.04, 0.25]
Danhauer et al., 2009 [13]	CES-D 20						16.30	16.60	−8.20	1.20	−0.82	0.07	−9.40	−0.69
	(Depression)	.93	2.57	3.89	4.85	7.35	(9.70)	(14.70)	[−13.27, −3.17]^ab	[−7.14, 9.54]	[−1.42, −0.22]**	[−0.42, 0.57]	[−19.34, 0.54]^cd	[−1.45, 0.06]
	PANAS-P						32.70	30.60	5.50	1.20	0.64	0.11	4.30	0.45
	(Positive Affect)	.87	3.17	3.53	4.40	4.90	(8.80)	(9.80)	[1.16, 9.84]^ab	[−4.21, 6.61]	[0.08, 1.21]*	[−0.39, 0.60]	[−2.71, 11.31]^c	[−0.29, 1.19]
	PANAS-N						19.00	18.50	−5.00	1.40	−0.65	0.14	−6.40	−0.73
	(Negative Affect)	.87	2.99	3.39	4.15	4.70	(8.30)	(9.40)	[−8.91, −1.09]^ab	[−3.63, 6.43]	[−1.22, 0.08]*	[−0.36, 0.63]	[−12.84, 0.04]^cd	[−1.49, 0.03]
	FACIT-Sp						23.30	23.20	2.70	−1.70	0.38	−0.19	4.40	0.56
	(Spiritual Well-Being)	.87	2.38	2.60	3.30	3.60	(6.60)	(7.20)	[−0.92, 6.31]^a	[−6.16, 2.76]	[−0.15, 0.91]	[−0.69, 0.31]	[−1.40, 10.20]^cd	[−0.19, 1.30]
Moadel et al., 2007 [15]	FACIT-Sp						37.87	34.58	−1.02	−1.83	−0.11	−0.15	0.81	0.08
	(Spiritual Well-Being)	.87	3.33	3.99	4.62	5.53	(9.24)	(11.06)	[−3.59, 1.55]	[−6.49, 2.83]	[−0.40, 0.17]	[−0.52, 0.23]	[−4.08, 5.70]	[−0.40, 0.56]
Vadiraja et al., 2009 [16]	PANAS-P						24.05	21.81	3.80	1.52	0.52	0.19	2.28	0.30
	(Positive Affect)	.87	2.62	2.66	3.64	3.69	(7.28)	(7.37)	[1.62, 5.98]^ab	[−1.17, 4.21]	[0.20, 0.84]***	[−0.15, 0.53]	[−1.14, 5.70]	[−0.15, 0.76]
	PANAS-N						22.15	25.22	−9.24	−3.37	−0.86	−0.33	−5.87	−0.57
	(Negative Affect)	.87	3.82	3.18	5.30	4.41	(10.60)	(8.82)	[−12.41, −6.074]^ab	[−6.78, 0.04]^a	[−1.21, −0.51]***	[−0.67, 0.01]	[−10.56, −1.18]^cd	[−1.03, −0.11]*
Vadiraja et al., 2009b [17]	HADS-A						8.05	9.35	−3.17	−1.23	−0.86	−0.31	−1.94	−0.51
	(Anxiety)	.79	1.77	1.82	1.94	1.99	(3.87)	(3.98)	[−4.27, −2.07]^ab	[−2.56, 0.10]	[−1.21, −0.51]***	[−0.65, 0.03]	[−3.65, −0.23]^c	[−0.97, −0.05]*
	HADS-D						7.57	8.00	−3.43	−1.47	−0.89	−0.40	−1.96	−0.52
	(Depression)	.87	1.45	1.25	2.01	1.74	(4.02)	(3.47)	[−4.57, −2.29]^ab	[−2.71, −0.23]^a	[−1.25, −0.54]***	[−0.74, −0.05]*	[−3.65.−0.27]^cd	[−0.98, −0.06]*

(c)  

Study	Outcome measure	Internal consistency (Cronbach α)	SEM; (Baseline SD × √1 − Cronbach’s α)		Baseline SD 0.5		Baseline Mean (SD)		Within-Groups; Mean Difference (95% CI)		Within-Groups; Effect size—Hedges’ g (95% CI)		Between Groups; Mean Difference (95% CI)	Between Groups; Effect size—Hedges’ g (95% CI)
			Yoga	Control	Yoga	Control	Yoga	Control	Yoga	Control	Yoga	Control
Chandwani et al., 2010 [10]	BFI						2.30	2.30	−0.40	0.20	−0.12	0.05	−0.60	−0.17
	(Fatigue)	.94	0.39	0.54	0.80	1.10	(1.60)	(2.20)	[−1.58, 0.78]^a	[−1.17, 1.57]	[−0.49, 0.24]	[−0.29, 0.39]	[−2.44, 1.24]^c	[−0.68, 0.34]
	PSQI						7.30	7.10	−0.70	−0.40	−0.15	−0.08	−0.30	−0.06
	(Sleep)	.84	1.52	1.56	1.90	1.95	(3.80)	(3.90)	[−2.46, 1.06]	[−2.15, 1.35]	[−0.51, 0.22]	[−0.42, 0.27]	[−2.79, 2.19]	[−0.57, 0.45]
Cohen; et al., 2004 [11]	BFI						3.10	2.80	0.00	0.30	0.00	0.15	−0.30	−0.14
	(Fatigue)	.96	0.48	0.44	1.20	1.10	(2.40)	(2.20)	[−1.03, 1.03]	[−0.72, 1.32]	[−0.47, 0.47]	[−0.35, 0.64]	[−1.76, 1.16]	[−0.84, 0.56]
	PSQI						6.50	7.20	−0.70	0.90	−0.16	0.21	−1.60	−0.37
	(Sleep)	.84	2.00	1.88	2.50	2.35	(5.00)	(4.70)	[−2.82, 1.42]	[−1.23, 3.03]	[−0.62, 0.32]	[−0.29, 0.71]	[−4.62, 1.42]	[−1.07, 0.34]
Danhauer et al., 2009 [13]	FACT- F						30.10	32.70	9.70	−0.10	0.72	−0.01	9.80	0.71
	(Fatigue)	.95	3.00	2.64	6.70	5.90	(13.40)	(11.80)	[2.87, 16.53]^ab	[−7.45, 7.25]	[0.14, 1.30]*	[−0.50, 0.49]	[−0.27, 19.87]^cd	[−0.04, 1.47]
	PSQI						8.30	8.60	−2.20	−1.60	−0.46	−0.31	−0.60	−0.12
	(Sleep)	.84	1.88	2.12	2.35	2.65	(4.70)	(5.30)	[−4.65, 0.25]^a	[−4.14, 0.94]	[−1.00, 0.08]	[−0.81, 0.20]	[−4.14, 2.94]	[−0.86, 0.61]
Littman et al., 2011 [14]	FACT-F						43.10	43.20	1.9	−0.10	0.33	−0.01	2.00	0.25
	(Fatigue)	.95	1.30	1.90	2.90	4.25	(5.8)	(8.50)	[−0.20, 4.00]^a	[−3.69, 3.49]	[−0.05, 0.71]	[−0.38, 0.36]	[−2.16, 6.16]^c	[−0.27, 0.78]
Moadel et al., 2007 [15]	FACT-F						34.27	35.88	2.29	−1.11	0.19	−0.08	3.40	0.27
	(Fatigue)	.95	2.75	3.22	6.16	7.21	(12.31)	(14.42)	[−1.11, 5.69]	[−6.50, 4.30]	[−0.10, 0.48]	[−0.45, 0.30]	[−2.66, 9.46]^c	[−0.21, 0.75]

(d)  

Study	Outcome measure	Internal consistency; (Cronbach α)	SEM (Baseline SD × √1 − Cronbach’s α)	Baseline 0.5 SD	Baseline mean (SD)	Within-Groups; mean difference (95% CI)	Within-Groups; Effect Size—Hedges’ g (95% CI)
Bower et al., 2011 [18]	SF36 Gen Health				50.50	14.50	0.61
	(Overall)	.81	9.63	11.05	(22.10)	[1.44, 27.56]^ab	[0.00, 1.21]*
Danhauer et al., 2008 [19]	FACT-G				75.90	3.50	0.32
	(Overall)	.89	3.55	5.35	(10.70)	[0.33, 6.67]	[0.02, 0.63]*
	FACT-SWB				24.00	0.80	0.18
	(Social)	.69	2.39	2.15	(4.30)	[−0.53, 2.13]	[−0.12, 0.47]
	FACT-FWB				18.00	0.80	0.19
	(Functional)	.80	1.92	2.15	(4.30)	[−0.44, 2.04]	[−0.11, 0.49]
	FACT-EWB				14.00	−0.20	−0.10
	(Emotional)	.74	1.07	1.05	(2.10)	[−0.81, 0.41]	[−0.39, 0.20]
	FACT-PWB				20.00	2.10	0.38
	(Physical)	.82	2.42	2.85	(5.70)	[0.47, 3.73]	[0.07, 0.68]*
	SF12 PCS				41.20	2.30	0.21
	(Physical)	.86	4.27	5.70	(11.40)	[−0.98, 5.58]	[−0.09, 0.50]
	SF12 MCS				48.40	3.60	0.41
	(Mental)	.81	3.75	4.30	(8.60)	[1.04, 6.16]	[0.11, 0.72]**
Duncan et al., 2008 [20]	FACT-G				64.6	10.63	0.69
	(Overall)	.89	4.70	7.30	(14.16)	[4.44, 16.82]^ab	[0.24, 1.14]**
Galantino et al., 2011 [21]	FACT-B				89.33	16.72	0.81
	(Overall)	.90	6.38	10.09	(20.18)	[−5.07, 28.37]^ab	[0.14, 1.48]*
Speed-Andrews et al., 2010 [22]	FACT-B				108.20	8.90	0.39
	(Overall)	.90	6.67	10.55	(21.10)	[−1.51, 19.31]^a	[−0.08, 0.86]
	FACT-SWB				20.70	0.70	0.13
	(Social)	.69	2.95	2.65	(5.30)	[−1.84, 3.24]	[−0.33, 0.58]
	FACT-FWB				19.90	1.80	0.39
	(Functional)	.86	1.83	2.45	(4.90)	[−0.29, 3.89]	[−0.08, 0.86]
	FACT-EWB				15.80	2.10	0.39
	(Emotional)	.69	2.67	2.40	(4.80)	[−0.37, 4.57]	[−0.09, 0.86]
	FACT-PWB				20.90	2.00	0.38
	(Physical)	.81	2.31	2.65	(5.30)	[−0.37, 4.37]	[−0.09, 0.85]
	SF-36 PCS				45.50	3.70	0.32
	(Physical)	.90	3.38	5.35	(10.70)	[−1.41, 8.81]^a	[−0.14, 0.79]
	SF-36 MCS				44.40	4.20	0.45
	(Mental)	.90	2.85	4.50	(9.00)	[−0.01, 8.41]^a	[−0.03, 0.93]
Ülger and Yağlı,; 2010 [23]	NHP-Total				103.23	−17.32	−0.77
	(Overall)	.70	12.64	11.54	(23.08)	[−26.70, −7.94]^ab	[−1.26, −0.29]**
	NHP-Social				43.01	−20.56	−0.74
	(Social)	.56	20.01	15.08	(30.16)	[−32.24, −8.88]^ab	[−1.22, −0.26]**
	NHP-Emotion				61.37	−26.61	−1.15
	(Emotional)	.83	9.68	11.74	(23.47)	[−36.35, −16.87]^ab	[−1.70, −0.60]***
	NHP-Physical				44.51	−20.41	−0.92
	(Physical)	.72	11.86	11.21	(22.41)	[−29.77, −11.05]^ab	[−1.43, −0.41]***

(e)  

Study	Outcome measure	Internal consistency; (Cronbach α)	SEM (T1 SD ×  √1 − Cronbach’s α)	Baseline; 0.5 SD	Baseline mean (SD)	Within-Groups mean Difference (95% CI)	Within-Groups Effect Size—Hedges’ g (95% CI)
Bower et al., 2011 [18]	BDI				15.40	−7.90	−1.00
	(Depression)	.81	3.49	4.00	(8.00)	[−12.20, −3.60]^ab	[−1.69, −0.32]**
Danhauer et al., 2008 [19]	CES-D 20				12.30	−3.10	−0.36
	(Depression)	.93	2.27	4.30	(8.60)	[−5.66, −0.54]^a	[−0.66, −0.05]*
	STAI-State				34.20	−2.40	−0.22
	(Anxiety)	.95	2.39	5.35	(10.70)	[−5.57, 0.77]^a	[−0.52, 0.08]
	PANAS-P				34.70	1.50	0.17
	(Positive Affect)	.87	3.10	4.30	(8.60)	[−1.06, 4.06]	[−0.12, 0.47]
	PANAS-N				15.80	−1.70	−0.35
	(Negative Affect)	.87	1.80	2.50	(5.00)	[−3.14, −0.26]	[−0.65, −0.04]*
	FACIT-Sp				38.70	1.40	0.19
	(Spiritual Well-Being)	.87	2.56	3.55	(7.10)	[−0.74, 3.54]	[−0.10, 0.49]
Duncan et al., 2008 [20]	FACIT-Sp				30.83	5.88	0.60
	(Spiritual Well-Being)	.87	3.65	5.07	(10.13)	[1.93, 9.83]^ab	[0.16, 1.04]**
Speed-Andrews et al., 2010 [22]	CES-D 10				31.00	−0.20	−0.34
	(Depression)	.85	0.23	0.30	(0.60)	[−0.47, 0.07]	[−0.81, 0.13]
	STAI-State				45.20	1.80	0.25
	(Anxiety)	.85	2.59	3.35	(6.70)	[−1.48, 5.08]	[−0.21, 0.71]
Ülger and Yağlı,; 2010 [23]	STAI-State				55.05	−11.70	−1.51
	(Anxiety)	.95	1.75	3.92	(7.83)	[−14.96, −8.44]^ab	[−2.14, −0.88]***

(f)  

Study	Outcome measure	Internal consistency (Cronbach α)	SEM (Baseline SD ×  √1 − Cronbach’s α)	Baseline 0.5 SD	Baseline mean (SD)	Within-Groups mean difference (95% CI)	Within-Groups; Effect Size—Hedges’ g (95% CI)
Bower et al., 2011 [18]	FSI Average				6.3	−3.6	−2.34
	(Fatigue)	.97	0.19	0.55	(1.1)	[−4.44, −2.76]^ab	[−3.47, −1.22]***
	PSQI				7.1	−0.7	−0.17
	(Sleep)	.84	1.64	2.05	(4.1)	[−2.99, 1.59]	[−0.72, 0.38]
Danhauer et al., 2008 [19]	FACT-F				34.6	2.7	0.22
	(Fatigue)	.95	2.71	6.05	(12.1)	[−0.83, 6.27]^a	[−0.08, 0.52]
Ülger and Yağlı, 2010 [23]	NHP-S				43.50	−23.47	−0.88
	(Sleep)	.72	15.64	14.78	(29.55)	[−34.69, −12.25]^ab	[−1.38, −0.38]***

* 𝑃<.05, **𝑃<.01, ***𝑃<.001 (Reported between group 𝑃 values).
^aWithin-Group mean difference exceeds 1 SEM.
^bWithin-Group mean difference exceeds Baseline 0.5 SD.
^cBetween-Group mean exceeds control group 1 SEM.
^dBetween-Group mean exceeds control group Baseline 0.5 SD.
Abbreviations—α: alpha; SD: standard deviation; CI: confidence interval; SF-36 and SF-12: Medical Outcomes Study Short-Form Health Survey; EORTC QLQ C30: European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer-Quality of Life C30; FACT-B: Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Breast; FACT-G: Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-General; NHP: Nottingham Health Profile; BDI: Beck Depression Inventory; CES-D 20: Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale-20 Item; STAI: State/Trait Anxiety Inventory; POMS: Profile of Mood States; PANAS: Positive and Negative Affect Schedule; FACIT-Sp: Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy-Spiritual Well-Being; HADS: Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; BFI: Brief Fatigue Inventory; FSI: Fatigue Symptom Inventory; PSQI: Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index; FACT-F: Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Fatigue.