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Test | Test materials/dose | Test model | Endpoint/biomarkers | Effects | Mechanisms | Reference |
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In vivo | Ferulic acid s.c., 5 mg/kg/d, 6 d | dl-buthionine-(S,R)-Sulfoximine treated mice | Object recognition test Oxidative carbonyl protein | Improve memory | Elevate carbonyl protein | [66] |
Ferulic acid 28 d | Trimethyltin-treated mice | Y-maze testPassive avoidance testChAT | Improve memory | Activate ChAT | [67] |
Ferulic acid i.p., 20–80 mg/kg, 3 d | Glutamate-treated mice | Behavioral test histopathology [(3)H]-labeled glutamate bcl-2/caspase-3 | Protect brain | NMDA receptor antagonist | [68] |
Ferulic acid 0.006%, 4 w | Aβ1-42-treated mice | Step-through test Y-maze test Water maze test GFAP/IL-1 β | Improve memoryProtect brain | Suppress astrocytes immunoreactivities | [69] |
Ferulic acid 50–100 mg/kg | Scopolamine-treated rats Cycloheximide-treated rats | Step-through test | Improve memory | Cholinergic Enhance CBF | [70] |
Z-ligustilide 10–40 mg/kg, 4 w | CCAO-treated rats | Morris water maze Neurons/astrocytes count MDA/SOD/ChAT/AChE | Improve memory | Inhibit oxidative stress Cholinergic | [71] |
Z-ligustilide 20–80 mg/kg | MCAO-treated rats | TTC staining Brain swelling Behavioural score | Protect brain | N.A. | [72] |
Z-ligustilide 5–20 mg/kg | IR-treated ICR mice | TTC staining MDA/GSH-Px/SOD Bcl-2/Bax/caspase-3 | Protect brain | Inhibit oxidative stress Inhibit apoptosis | [73] |
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