Copyright © 2012 Jaung-Geng Lin et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Linked References

1. J. N. Wu, “A short history of acupuncture,” Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 19–21, 1996. View at Scopus
2. Y. S. Kim, H. Jun, Y. Chae et al., “The practice of Korean medicine: an overview of clinical trials in acupuncture,” Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 325–352, 2005. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
3. A. Kobayashi, M. Uefuji, and W. Yasumo, “History and progress of Japanese acupuncture,” Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 359–365, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
4. C. H. Yang, B. H. Lee, and S. H. Sohn, “A possible mechanism underlying the effectiveness of acupuncture in the treatment of drug addiction,” Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 257–266, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
5. C. Niu, H. Hao, J. Lu, L. Li, Z. Han, and Y. Tu, “A novel Uni-acupoint electroacupuncture stimulation method for pain relief,” Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, vol. 2011, Article ID 209879, 2011. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
6. Y. H. Xu, Q. Y. Wang, Z. B. Yu, and Y. W. He, “Clinical observation on acupuncture for treatment of abdominal postoperative pain,” Chinese Acupuncture and Moxibustion, vol. 30, no. 11, pp. 904–906, 2010. View at Scopus
7. C. L. Hsieh, J. S. Yu, K. H. Shen, W. C. Chen, and J. S. Her, “Effects of electroacupuncture on benign prostate hyperplasia patients with lower urinary tract symptoms: a single-blinded, randomized controlled trial,” Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, vol. 2011, Article ID 303198, 2011. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
8. G. Q. Zheng, Z. M. Zhao, Y. Wang et al., “Meta-analysis of scalp acupuncture for acute hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage,” Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, vol. 17, no. 4, pp. 293–299, 2011. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
9. L. Gori and F. Firenzuoli, “Ear acupuncture in European traditional medicine,” Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 13–16, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
10. J. Kong, D. T. Fufa, A. J. Gerber et al., “Psychophysical outcomes from a randomized pilot study of manual, electro, and sham acupuncture treatment on experimentally induced thermal pain,” Journal of Pain, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 55–64, 2005. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
11. A. G. Brumbaugh, “Acupuncture: new perspectives in chemical dependency treatment,” Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 35–43, 1993. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
12. M. Cui, “Advances in studies on acupuncture abstinence,” Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine, vol. 15, no. 4, pp. 301–307, 1995. View at Scopus
13. V. Clement-Jones, L. McLoughlin, and P. J. Lowry, “Acupuncture in heroin addicts: changes in met-enkephalin and β-endorphin in blood and cerebrospinal fluid,” The Lancet, vol. 2, no. 8139, pp. 380–382, 1979. View at Scopus
14. C. L. Cui, L. Z. Wu, and F. Luo, “Acupuncture for the treatment of drug addiction,” Neurochemical Research, vol. 33, no. 10, pp. 2013–2022, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
15. A. T. McLellan, D. S. Grossman, J. D. Blaine, and H. W. Haverkos, “Acupuncture treatment for drug abuse: a technical review,” Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, vol. 10, no. 6, pp. 569–576, 1993. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
16. A. D'Alberto, “Auricular acupuncture in the treatment of cocaine/crack abuse: a review of the efficacy, the use of the national acupuncture detoxification association protocol, and the selection of sham points,” Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, vol. 10, no. 6, pp. 985–1000, 2004. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
17. A. Margolin, “Acupuncture for substance abuse,” Current Psychiatry Reports, vol. 5, no. 5, pp. 333–339, 2003. View at Scopus
18. F. Weiss, M. P. Paulus, M. T. Lorang, and G. F. Koob, “Increases in extracellular dopamine in the nucleus accumbens by cocaine are inversely related to basal levels: effects of acute and repeated administration,” Journal of Neuroscience, vol. 12, no. 11, pp. 4372–4380, 1992. View at Scopus
19. L. L. Peoples, A. J. Uzwiak, F. X. Guyette, and M. O. West, “Tonic inhibition of single nucleus accumbens neurons in the rat: a predominant but not exclusive firing pattern induced by cocaine self- administration sessions,” Neuroscience, vol. 86, no. 1, pp. 13–22, 1998. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
20. Z. L. Rossetti, D. Isola, J. De Vry, and F. Fadda, “Effects of nimodipine on extracellular dopamine levels in the rat nucleus accumbens in ethanol withdrawal,” Neuropharmacology, vol. 38, no. 9, pp. 1361–1369, 1999. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
21. M. Diana, M. Pistis, A. Muntoni, and G. Gessa, “Mesolimbic dopaminergic reduction outlasts ethanol withdrawal syndrome: evidence of protracted abstinence,” Neuroscience, vol. 71, no. 2, pp. 411–415, 1996. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
22. F. Weiss and L. J. Porrino, “Behavioral neurobiology of alcohol addiction: recent advances and challenges,” Journal of Neuroscience, vol. 22, no. 9, pp. 3332–3337, 2002. View at Scopus
23. R. A. Wise, P. Newton, K. Leeb, B. Burnette, D. Pocock, and J. B. Justice, “Fluctuations in nucleus accumbens dopamine concentration during intravenous cocaine self administration in rats,” Psychopharmacology, vol. 120, no. 1, pp. 10–20, 1995. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
24. G. Wang, N. Jiang, and Z. He, “Effects of scalp acupuncture on plasma ET-1, MDA and NO contents in the patient of cerebral infarction,” Chinese Acupuncture and Moxibustion, vol. 21, pp. 241–242, 2001.
25. J. S. Han, “Acupuncture: neuropeptide release produced by electrical stimulation of different frequencies,” Trends in Neurosciences, vol. 26, no. 1, pp. 17–22, 2003. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
26. J. S. Han, X. H. Chen, S. L. Sun et al., “Effect of low- and high-frequency TENS on Met-enkephalin-Arg-Phe and dynorphin A immunoreactivity in human lumbar CSF,” Pain, vol. 47, no. 3, pp. 295–298, 1991. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
27. J. S. Han, X. Z. Ding, and S. G. Fan, “The frequency as the cardinal determinant for electroacupuncture analgesia to be reversed by opioid antagonists,” Sheng Li Xue Bao, vol. 38, no. 5, pp. 475–482, 1986. View at Scopus
28. J. S. Han, “Acupuncture and endorphins,” Neuroscience Letters, vol. 361, no. 1–3, pp. 258–261, 2004. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
29. J. S. Han and R. L. Zhang, “Suppression of morphine abstinence syndrome by body electroacupuncture of different frequencies in rats,” Drug and Alcohol Dependence, vol. 31, no. 2, pp. 169–175, 1993. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
30. H. L. Wen and W. K. K. Ho, “Suppression of withdrawal symptoms by dynorphin in heroin addicts,” European Journal of Pharmacology, vol. 82, no. 3-4, pp. 183–186, 1982. View at Scopus
31. L. Z. Wu, C. L. Cui, J. B. Tian, D. Ji, and J. S. Han, “Suppression of morphine withdrawal by electroacupuncture in rats: dynorphin and κ-opioid receptor implicated,” Brain Research, vol. 851, no. 1-2, pp. 290–296, 1999. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
32. P. G. Green and N. M. Lee, “Dynorphin A-(1-3) attenuates withdrawal in morphine-dependent rats: effect of route of administration,” European Journal of Pharmacology, vol. 145, no. 3, pp. 267–272, 1988. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
33. C. L. Cui, L. Z. Wu, and J. S. Han, “Spinal kappa-opioid system plays an important role in suppressing morphine withdrawal syndrome in the rat,” Neuroscience Letters, vol. 295, no. 1-2, pp. 45–48, 2000. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
34. A. Markou, F. Weiss, L. H. Gold, S. B. Caine, G. Schulteis, and G. F. Koob, “Animal models of drug craving,” Psychopharmacology, vol. 112, no. 2-3, pp. 163–182, 1993. View at Scopus
35. B. Wang, F. Luo, Y. Q. Xia, and J. S. Han, “Peripheral electric stimulation inhibits morphine-induced place preference in rats,” NeuroReport, vol. 11, no. 5, pp. 1017–1020, 2000. View at Scopus
36. X. D. Shi, W. Ren, G. B. Wang, F. Luo, J. S. Han, and C. L. Cui, “Brain opioid-receptors are involved in mediating peripheral electric stimulation-induced inhibition of morphine conditioned place preference in rats,” Brain Research, vol. 981, no. 1-2, pp. 23–29, 2003. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
37. S. S. Yoon, H. Kim, K. H. Choi et al., “Acupuncture suppresses morphine self-administration through the GABA receptors,” Brain Research Bulletin, vol. 81, no. 6, pp. 625–630, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
38. B. Lee, I. Shim, H. Lee et al., “Morphine-induced locomotor response and Fos expression in rats are inhibited by acupuncture,” Neurological Research, vol. 32, no. 1, pp. S107–S110, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
39. N. N. Chu, Y. F. Zuo, L. Meng, D. Y. W. Lee, J. S. Han, and C. L. Cui, “Peripheral electrical stimulation reversed the cell size reduction and increased BDNF level in the ventral tegmental area in chronic morphine-treated rats,” Brain Research, vol. 1182, no. 1, pp. 90–98, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
40. N. N. Chu, W. Xia, P. Yu, L. Hu, R. Zhang, and C. L. Cui, “Chronic morphine-induced neuronal morphological changes in the ventral tegmental area in rats are reversed by electroacupuncture treatment,” Addiction Biology, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 47–51, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
41. L. Hu, N. N. Chu, L. L. Sun, R. Zhang, J. S. Han, and C. L. Cui, “Electroacupuncture treatment reverses morphine-induced physiological changes in dopaminergic neurons within the ventral tegmental area,” Addiction Biology, vol. 14, no. 4, pp. 431–437, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
42. A. R. Jadad, R. A. Moore, D. Carroll et al., “Assessing the quality of reports of randomized clinical trials: is blinding necessary?” Controlled Clinical Trials, vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 1–12, 1996. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
43. A. M. Washburn, R. E. Fullilove, M. T. Fullilove et al., “Acupuncture heroin detoxification: a single-blind clinical trial,” Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 345–351, 1993. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
44. E. A. Wells, R. Jackson, O. R. Diaz, V. Stanton, A. J. Saxon, and A. Krupski, “Acupuncture as an adjunct to methadone treatment services,” American Journal on Addictions, vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 198–214, 1995.
45. B. Zhang, F. Luo, and C. Liu, “Treatment of 121 heroin addicts with Han's acupoint nerve stimulator,” Chinese Journal of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine, vol. 20, no. 8, pp. 593–595, 2000.
46. K. Montazeri, M. Farahnakian, and M. Saghaei, “The effect of acupuncture on the acute withdrawal symptoms from Rapid Opiate Detoxification,” Acta Anaesthesiologica Sinica, vol. 40, no. 4, pp. 173–177, 2002.
47. J. M. Wu, D. Y. Wei, Y. F. Luo, and X. Y. Xiang, “Clinic research on heroin de-addiction effects of acupuncture and its potentiality of preventing relapse,” Journal of Chinese Integrative Medicine, vol. 1, no. 4, pp. 268–272, 2003.
48. T. Q. Wen, Z. J. Yang, X. L. Lei, et al., “Clinical application of acupuncture for treatment of heroin withdrawal syndrome,” Chinese Acupuncture and Moxibustion, vol. 25, no. 7, pp. 449–453, 2005.
49. A. Margolin, S. K. Avants, and R. Arnold, “Acupuncture and spirituality-focused group therapy for the treatment of HIV-positive drug users: a preliminary study,” Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, vol. 37, no. 4, pp. 385–390, 2005.
50. X. Zeng, L. Lei, Y. Lu, and Z. Wang, “Treatment of heroinism with acupuncture at points of the Du Channel,” Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine, vol. 25, no. 3, pp. 166–170, 2005.
51. J. P. Mu, L. Liu, J. Hu, and P. Xu, “Clinical study on electroacupuncture at Jiaji (EX-B2) for interfering protracted withdrawal syndrome in the patient of heroin dependence,” Chinese Acupuncture and Moxibustion, vol. 25, no. 9, pp. 599–602, 2005.
52. J. Bearn, A. Swami, D. Stewart, C. Atnas, L. Giotto, and M. Gossop, “Auricular acupuncture as an adjunct to opiate detoxification treatment: effects on withdrawal symptoms,” Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, vol. 36, no. 3, pp. 345–349, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
53. S. Birch, J. K. Hesselink, F. A. M. Jonkman, T. A. M. Hekker, and A. Bos, “Clinical research on acupuncture: part 1. What have reviews of the efficacy and safety of acupuncture told us so far?” Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 468–480, 2004. View at Scopus
54. E. Ernst and A. R. White, “Prospective studies of the safety of acupuncture: a systematic review,” American Journal of Medicine, vol. 110, no. 6, pp. 481–485, 2001. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus