Effects of Brugmansia arborea Extract and Its Secondary Metabolites on Morphine Tolerance and Dependence in Mice

Figure 6

Effects of single alkaloids on the expression (a) and the acquisition (b) of morphine dependence. Atropine, apoatropine, and 3𝛼-tigloyl-oxitropane were administered i.p. at the dose of 2.2, 1.8, and 1.5 mg/kg, respectively, 30 min before each morphine injection (acquisition) or prior to naloxone injection (expression) (𝑛=10 animals for each group). The withdrawal symptoms are given as a summary of the frequency of these somatic signs: jumping, rearing, forepaw tremors, and teeth chatter. Significant differences: **𝑃<0.01, compared to control; ⁺⁺𝑃<0.01, compared to morphine group.

(a)

(b)