Vitamin E as an Antiosteoporotic Agent via Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor Kappa-B Ligand Signaling Disruption: Current Evidence and Other Potential Research Areas

Table 1

Secondary factors of osteoporosis.

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Drug

 Aluminium

 Anticonvulsants (phenobarbital, phenytoin)

 Antidepressants

 Aromatase Inhibitors

 Cytotoxic drugs

 Glitazones (antidiabetic agent)

 Glucocorticosteroids and adrenocorticotropin

 Gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists

 Heparin

 Immunosuppressants

 Lithium

 Loop diuretics

 Proton-pump inhibitor

 Thyroxine

Endocrine Disorders

 Hyperparathyroidism

 Hyperthyroidism

Immobilization

Inflammation

 Rheumatoid arthritis

 Inflammatory bowel disease

 Ankylosing spondylitis

Other factors

 Alcoholism

 Coeliac disease

 Gastrectomy

 Prostate cancer therapy

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(Source: National Osteoporosis Foundation 2003 [16], Kok and Sambrook 2009 [17]).