Research Article
Tai-Chi for Residential Patients with Schizophrenia on Movement Coordination, Negative Symptoms, and Functioning: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial
Table 2
Socio-demographical, clinical characteristics and assessment outcomes at baseline.
| Variables | Tai-chi Mean (SD) | Waitlist Control Mean (SD) | |
| Age | 51.87 (10.85) | 53.47 (8.63) | 0.69 |
| Gender | | | 0.03* | Male | 9 | 3 | | Female | 6 | 12 | |
| Education level | | | 0.47 | No formal education | 3 | 4 | | Primary | 3 | 7 | | Lower secondary (Grades 7–9) | 3 | 2 | | Upper secondary (Grades 10–11) | 4 | 2 | | After secondary or above | 1 | 0 | | Missing | 1 | 0 | |
| Marital status | | | 0.94 | Single | 10 | 9 | | Married | 1 | 2 | | Divorced/Separated | 3 | 3 | | Widowed | 1 | 1 | |
| Employment | | | 0.52 | Full time employment | 0 | 1 | | Unemployed | 4 | 9 | | Retired | 11 | 5 | | Years of diagnosis | 29.47 (14.86) | 26.2 (10.09) | 0.33 | Length of stay at residencies (years) | 12.87 (14.82) | 10.73 (9.87) | 0.45 | Chlorpromazine equivalent (mg) | 391.07 (472.25) | 365.12 (221.92) | 0.85 |
| Assessment outcomes | Tai-chi | Waitlist Control | |
| Movement Coordination (CMDT) | | | | Placing | 82.17 (9.75) | 98.29 (28.2) | 0.12 | Turning | 76.73 (14.51) | 101.04 (40.89) | 0.10 | Displacing | 60.6 (10.13) | 76.07 (26.61) | 0.11 | One-Hand Turning/Placing | 102.37 (17) | 124.82 (45.95) | 0.17 | Two-Hand Turning/Placing | 65.53 (10.74) | 89.96 (43) | 0.16 |
| Negative symptoms (SANS) | | | | Attention | 4.27 (3.39) | 5.6 (3.81) | 0.21 | Anhedonia-asociality | 4.53 (4.29) | 4.4 (4.6) | 0.80 | Avolition-apathy | 1.67 (2.82) | 2.27 (3.37) | 0.79 | Alogia | 4.4 (4.97) | 4.8 (5.17) | 0.83 | Affective flattening or blunting | 8.2 (7.98) | 8.67 (7.76) | 0.68 |
| Functioning disabilities (WHODAS II**) | | | | Cognition | 12.2 (3.45) | 11.33 (5.34) | 0.31 | Mobility | 7.53 (2.39) | 7.6 (2.87) | 0.93 | Self-care | 3.4 (0.83) | 3.2 (0.41) | 0.61 | Interpersonal interactions | 7.47 (4.16) | 5.27 (2.25) | 0.08 | Life activities | 11 (3.61) | 9.4 (1.76) | 0.15 | Community participation | 17 (5.84) | 14.73 (5.87) | 0.38 |
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