Catenarin Prevents Type 1 Diabetes in Nonobese Diabetic Mice via Inhibition of Leukocyte Migration Involving the MEK6/p38 and MEK7/JNK Pathways

Figure 2

Effect of catenarin on prevention of diabetes in NOD mice. (A) The cumulative diabetic incidence, from 3 to 30 weeks of age, was monitored in female NOD mice treated with vehicle (control), catenarin (0.4, 4, and 20 mg/kg) or acetylsalicylic acid (ASA, 40 mg/kg), 3 times per week, from 4 to 30 weeks. The number of mice per group is indicated in the parentheses. (B) Histological images of the pancreata of NOD mice. The pancreata of 30-week-old NOD mice (a)–(e) and diabetes-free 5-week-old NOD mice (f) were fixed and double-stained with anti-insulin (β cells, brown) and anti-CD45 (leukocytes, purple) Abs. Scale bar, 100 μm. (C) and (D) The blood glucose level (C) and Hb_A1C percentage (D) of the above-mentioned mice at the age of 4 weeks (before treatment) and 30 weeks were measured. (E), (F), and (G). The number of total cells and leukocyte subsets of pancreatic islets (E) from NOD mice (A) was determined. Anti-CD4 (CD4⁺ T cells), anti-CD8 (CD8⁺ T cells), anti-CD11c (DCs, dendritic cells), anti-B220 (B cells), anti-CD68 (macrophages), and anti-CD49 (NK cells) Abs were used to determine leukocyte subsets.