Nigella sativa and Its Protective Role in Oxidative Stress and Hypertension

Figure 1

Proposed pathways for Nigella sativa (NS) in reducing blood pressure (BP). Ca²⁺, calcium (II) ion; Na⁺, sodium ion; K⁺, potassium ion; Cl^-, chloride ion; HR, heart rate; CO, cardiac output; TPR, total peripheral resistance.