|
| TS | CPM |
|
Experimental construct | Repeats of brief noxious stimuli | A test stimulus measured before and after a conditioning stimulus |
Typical magnitudes in healthy subjects | 10–20 in a 0–100 visual analog scale (VAS) [42] | ~29% reduction in pain rating [43] |
Underlying CNS physiology | Windup: increased spinal WDR output due to repetitive C-fiber stimulation at >0.3 Hz | DNIC: global reduction of WDR sensitivity due to a single, heterotopic, noxious stimulation |
Pain-processing pathways involved | Ascending facilitation of nociceptive input | Descending inhibition of nociceptive input |
Augmenting factors | Advanced age [44], female sex [45, 46], pain catastrophizing [46–49], anxiety, fear of pain, and location (trunk > extremities) [50] | |
Reducing factors | | Advanced age [44, 51, 52], female sex (mixed results [43, 45, 53]), pain catastrophizing [54, 55], poor sleep [56, 57], depression [58], and opioid use [59] |
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