Metabolomic Analysis of Complex Chinese Remedies: Examples of Induced Nephrotoxicity in the Mouse from a Series of Remedies Containing Aristolochic Acid

Table 1

Experiment design.

Group^a	Substance	Eq. dose to AA; (mg/kg bw/day)	Urine sampling date
Experiment 1
AA0	Vehicle	0	Day 1, 3, 8, 10^b
AA5	AA	5.0	Day 1, 3, 8, 10^b
AA7.5	AA	7.5	Day 1, 3, 8, 10^b
Experiment 2
C0	Vehicle	0	Day 1, 3, 10, 13^c
M0.5	Madouling	0.5	Day 1, 3, 10, 13^c
BF0.5	BFAJT	0.5	Day 1, 3, 10, 13^c

 ^aThree mice/group. ^bMice of AA groups were euthanized on day 10 for renal histopathology.
^cMice of all groups were euthanized on day 20.
AA: aristolochic acid; BFAJT: Bu-Fei-A-Jiao-Tang.