Biological Significance of Urolithins, the Gut Microbial Ellagic Acid-Derived Metabolites: The Evidence So Far

Figure 5

Common top ten functions and diseases identified by functional analysis (IPA, Ingenuity Pathways Analysis; Ingenuity Systems, Redwood City, CA, USA) and that were most significant to gene expression altered by the intake of pomegranate extract or Urolithin A in the colon mucosa of a rat model of ulcerative colitis (gene expression data from Larrosa et al. [29]). Black bars: pomegranate extract. Grey bars: urolithin A. A Fischer’s exact test was used to calculate a P-value determining the probability that each function or disease assigned to the data was due to chance. We set a threshold at P value ≤ 0.05 (dashed line) which corresponds to a False Discovery Rate (FDR) ≤ 5% of false positives. Note: On the y-axis, the significance is expressed as the minus log (10-based) of the P values. The higher the bar, the lower the P value and hence the more significant for the enrichment of the function/disease.