Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine

Research Article

Use of Self-Care and Practitioner-Based Forms of Complementary and Alternative Medicine before and after a Diagnosis of Breast Cancer

Table 5

Factors associated with continuing (vs. starting, stopping, or never using) self-care and practitioner-based CAM among women in the LIBCSP, multivariable analyses, OR (95% Confidence Interval).
 MultivitaminsbSingle vitamins/mineralsbBotanicalsbOther dietary supplementsbMind-bodybSpecial dietsbPrayerbSupport groupsbCAM practitionersb
Agea         
 Continuous0.98 (0.95–1.00)1.01 (0.98–1.04)1.00 (0.98–1.03)0.98 (0.94–1.02)1.00 (0.97–1.04)1.00 (0.97–1.03)0.97 (0.94–1.00)1.01 (0.93–1.08)0.99 (0.96–1.02)
Racea         
 Non-Hispanic white1 (Ref)1 (Ref)1 (Ref)1 (Ref)1 (Ref)1 (Ref)1 (Ref)1 (Ref)1 (Ref)
 All Other0.78 (0.39–1.60)1.09 (0.50–2.35)0.60 (0.26–1.36)0.40 (0.10–1.62)1.89 (0.80–4.49)2.18 (1.05–4.53)1.10 (0.52–2.32)1.74 (0.30–10.11)0.95 (0.40–2.22)
Annual household incomea         
 <$25k1 (Ref)1 (Ref)1 (Ref)1 (Ref)1 (Ref)1 (Ref)1 (Ref)1 (Ref)1 (Ref)
 $25k–$49,9991.14 (0.60–2.14)2.37 (1.21–4.64)1.38 (0.64–2.98)0.38 (0.13–1.10)0.78 (0.33–1.83)0.56 (0.26–1.19)1.79 (0.86–3.72)—0.76 (0.34–1.72)
 $50k–$89,9990.97 (0.50–1.91)2.61 (1.28–5.30)1.12 (0.50–2.50)0.40 (0.13–1.19)0.50 (0.20–1.25)0.73 (0.33–1.59)1.38 (0.64–2.97)—0.79 (0.34–1.82)
 ≥$90k0.87 (0.42–1.82)2.09 (0.96–4.55)1.11 (0.47–2.60)0.31 (0.10–1.01)0.45 (0.16–1.21)0.96 (0.42–2.22)1.00 (0.43–2.31)—0.82 (0.33–2.02)
Educationa         
 ≤High school grad1 (Ref)1 (Ref)1 (Ref)1 (Ref)1 (Ref)1 (Ref)1 (Ref)1 (Ref)1 (Ref)
 Some college1.25 (0.80–1.96)1.00 (0.64–1.58)1.82 (1.12–2.95)0.86 (0.38–1.99)2.38 (1.29–4.39)1.26 (0.74–2.15)1.02 (0.64–1.64)0.91 (0.24–3.40)1.26 (0.73–2.17)
 College graduate1.17 (0.66–2.08)1.00 (0.55–1.83)2.72 (1.49–4.95)2.17 (0.88–5.39)1.36 (0.60–3.08)1.25 (0.65–2.42)0.76 (0.41–1.41)1.31 (0.29–5.98)1.83 (0.96–3.51)
 Postgraduate0.85 (0.50–1.45)1.12 (0.64–1.96)2.25 (1.28–3.95)2.60 (1.13–5.97)2.44 (1.20–4.99)1.07 (0.58–1.98)0.80 (0.45–1.42)0.73 (0.17–3.14)1.54 (0.83–2.84)
BMI at diagnosisa         
 <251 (Ref)1 (Ref)1 (Ref)1 (Ref)1 (Ref)1 (Ref)1 (Ref)1 (Ref)1 (Ref)
 25–290.79 (0.53–1.17)1.10 (0.73–1.66)1.00 (0.66–1.52)0.74 (0.39–1.40)0.53 (0.30–0.91)1.21 (0.77–1.90)0.96 (0.63–1.47)0.74 (0.21–2.63)1.58 (0.99–2.53)
 ≥300.78 (0.48–1.25)0.76 (0.46–1.26)0.58 (0.34–1.01)0.40 (0.17–0.98)0.76 (0.40–1.46)1.11 (0.63–1.97)1.27 (0.76–2.10)1.90 (0.58–6.21)2.52 (1.44–4.43)
Menopausal (meno.) statusa         
 Premeno.1 (Ref)1 (Ref)1 (Ref)1 (Ref)1 (Ref)1 (Ref)1 (Ref)1 (Ref)1 (Ref)
 Postmeno.1.34 (0.80–2.24)0.86 (0.50–1.47)0.94 (0.55–1.61)2.81 (1.27–6.24)0.94 (0.48–1.84)0.98 (0.54–1.78)1.03 (0.60–1.77)0.70 (0.18–2.74)0.66 (0.37–1.18)
Mammograma         
 Never/>5 yrs ago1 (Ref)1 (Ref)1 (Ref)1 (Ref)1 (Ref)1 (Ref)1 (Ref)1 (Ref)1 (Ref)
 <5 yrs ago0.85 (0.52–1.37)1.95 (1.13–3.38)1.10 (0.64–1.91)2.26 (0.64–7.92)1.43 (0.61–3.34)2.01 (0.76–5.32)1.09 (0.65–1.82)0.85 (0.24–3.04)0.70 (0.41–1.19)
Physical activity (h/wk)a         
 01 (Ref)1 (Ref)1 (Ref)1 (Ref)1 (Ref)1 (Ref)1 (Ref)1 (Ref)1 (Ref)
 0–0.691.41 (0.87–2.30)0.68 (0.41–1.12)1.51 (0.87–2.61)1.30 (0.55–3.05)1.80 (0.86–3.79)1.64 (0.90–2.97)1.09 (0.64–1.86)0.66 (0.14–3.04)1.25 (0.67–2.33)
 0.70–2.61.50 (0.93–2.43)1.00 (0.60–1.64)1.17 (0.68–2.01)1.26 (0.56–2.84)1.70 (0.82–3.50)0.95 (0.52–1.73)1.12 (0.67–1.89)1.49 (0.39–5.73)1.28 (0.71–2.32)
 ≥2.71.31 (0.80–2.14)1.13 (0.68–1.90)1.46 (0.85–2.50)0.97 (0.42–2.22)2.44 (1.20–4.97)1.38 (0.76–2.48)0.98 (0.57–1.68)0.67 (0.14–3.13)1.54 (0.85–2.80)
Cigarette smoking statusa         
 Never1 (Ref)1 (Ref)1 (Ref)1 (Ref)1 (Ref)1 (Ref)1 (Ref)1 (Ref)1 (Ref)
 Current0.94 (0.58–1.52)0.79 (0.48–1.31)1.17 (0.70–1.96)1.03 (0.46–2.32)0.83 (0.41–1.70)0.44 (0.23–0.87)0.75 (0.45–1.27)0.85 (0.16–4.63)1.00 (0.56–1.79)
 Former1.25 (0.85–1.84)0.82 (0.55–1.22)0.77 (0.51–1.17)0.66 (0.35–1.23)1.24 (0.75–2.06)1.10 (0.71–1.69)0.78 (0.51–1.18)2.16 (0.77–6.06)1.23 (0.78–1.94)
Alcohol usea         
 Never1 (Ref)1 (Ref)1 (Ref)1 (Ref)1 (Ref)1 (Ref)1 (Ref)1 (Ref)1 (Ref)
 Ever1.01 (0.69–1.47)1.51 (1.03–2.22)0.79 (0.53–1.18)1.05 (0.56–1.99)0.97 (0.57–1.62)1.01 (0.65–1.56)0.91 (0.61–1.35)0.55 (0.20–1.54)1.43 (0.91–2.26)
Fruit and vegetable intake (servings/ wk)a         
 0–341 (Ref)1 (Ref)1 (Ref)1 (Ref)1 (Ref)1 (Ref)1 (Ref)1 (Ref)1 (Ref)
 ≥351.51 (1.06–2.17)1.18 (0.81–1.71)1.46 (1.00–2.12)0.87 (0.49–1.55)1.44 (0.91–2.30)1.23 (0.82–1.84)1.24 (0.85–1.81)0.69 (0.25–1.94)0.82 (0.54–1.25)
Stage at diagnosisa         
 In situ(1 Ref)(1 Ref)(1 Ref)(1 Ref)(1 Ref)(1 Ref)(1 Ref)(1 Ref)(1 Ref)
 Invasive0.80 (0.48–1.34)1.47 (0.86–2.53)0.66 (0.38–1.13)0.88 (0.39–1.98)0.99 (0.48–2.03)0.90 (0.49–1.64)0.93 (0.54–1.61)0.76 (0.15–3.83)0.73 (0.41–1.31)
Treatments receivedb         
 Chemo. (no/yes)0.82 (0.55–1.24)0.83 (0.54–1.28)1.92 (1.23–2.98)1.46 (0.74–2.89)1.51 (0.87–2.62)1.15 (0.71–1.86)1.06 (0.68–1.63)2.04 (0.59–7.05)1.08 (0.66–1.77)
 Tamoxifen (no/yes)1.14 (0.78–1.66)0.60 (0.40–0.89)0.84 (0.56–1.25)0.60 (0.33–1.09)1.05 (0.63–1.74)1.26 (0.81–1.96)1.38 (0.92–2.07)0.94 (0.33–2.63)0.82 (0.53–1.28)
Continuous CAM Use before diagnosisb         
 Multivit.N/A3.60 (2.52–5.15)1.85 (1.25–2.75)1.53 (0.81–2.90)1.63 (0.99–2.70)0.93 (0.61–1.43)1.43 (0.97–2.13)1.04 (0.37–2.92)1.05 (0.68–1.63)
 Single vit.3.61 (2.53–5.16)N/A1.58 (1.04–2.38)3.87 (1.77–8.45)0.98 (0.58–1.65)1.74 (1.10–2.75)1.06 (0.70–1.59)0.82 (0.28–2.35)2.13 (1.33–3.42)
 Botanicals1.79 (1.21–2.66)1.59 (1.05–2.40)N/A0.70 (0.39–1.27)1.13 (0.70–1.84)1.32 (0.86–2.03)1.69 (1.12–2.53)1.29 (0.47–3.57)1.73 (1.13–2.65)
 Other diet. supp.1.38 (0.75–2.52)3.38 (1.62–7.05)0.75 (0.43–1.33)N/A2.86 (1.57–5.20)1.12 (0.62–2.04)1.00 (0.54–1.82)1.23 (0.32–4.65)3.55 (2.02–6.24)
 Mind-body1.58 (0.96–2.61)0.98 (0.58–1.65)1.04 (0.64–1.69)2.64 (1.42–4.89)N/A1.71 (1.04–2.79)7.53 (4.50–12.62)5.43 (1.93–15.28)2.41 (1.48–3.94)
 Special diet0.93 (0.60–1.43)1.65 (1.05–2.60)1.31 (0.85–2.01)1.26 (0.67–2.35)1.66 (1.01–2.74)N/A1.24 (0.80–1.94)1.17 (0.39–3.51)1.55 (0.98–2.45)
 CAM practitioner1.11 (0.72–1.71)2.00 (1.26–3.18)1.74 (1.14–2.66)3.94 (2.18–7.09)2.34 (1.42–3.85)1.53 (0.97–2.43)1.54 (0.99–2.39)2.17 (0.74–6.37)N/A
Data collected at baseline, 1996-997; bData collected at follow-up, 2002–2004.
Bold text indicates statistically significant odds ratio ( ).