Zerumbone, a Natural Cyclic Sesquiterpene of Zingiber zerumbet Smith, Attenuates Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Hamsters Fed on High-Fat Diet

Table 1

Summary of metabolic parameters in RCD- and HFD-fed hamsters receiving 8-week treatment.

	RCD fed	HFD fed
	Vehicle	Vehicle	Zerumbone (mg kg^−1 per day)			Lipanthyl
			75	150	300	(100 mg kg^−1 per day)
Body weight (BW) (g)	124.37±9.28^d	167.90±7.31^b	161.84±8.24^b	157.33±6.43^b	150.61±7.51^a,c	141.72±8.23^d
Food intake (g day^−1)	11.91±3.26	12.08±4.31	11.82±4.06	11.97±3.94	12.23±3.23	12.16±3.17
Water intake (mL day^−1)	12.41±2.13	13.12±2.69	12.51±2.24	12.78±2.37	12.64±2.83	12.23±2.46
Liver weight (g 100 g^−1 BW)	4.63±0.22^c	5.38±0.31^a	5.18±0.29^a	4.93±0.34	4.85±0.26	4.72±0.25^c
Plasma glucose (mmol L^−1)	5.56±0.26^d	8.87±0.24^b	8.15±0.19^b	7.92±0.21^b,c	7.65±0.23^b,c	6.75±0.18^a,c
Plasma insulin (mU)	24.01±0.19^d	46.25±0.38^b	41.62±0.42^b,c	35.66±0.36^b,c	32.09±0.27^b,c	29.73±0.35^a,d
HOMA-IR	5.93±0.16	18.23±0.31^b	15.07±0.29^b,c	12.55±0.27^b,c	10.91±0.24^b,d	8.92±0.33^a,d
Plasma TC (mmol L^−1)	3.98±0.18^d	5.37±0.23^b	5.13±0.28^b	4.67±0.22^b,c	4.45±0.18^a,d	4.26±0.21^d
Plasma TG (mmol L^−1)	0.43±0.03^d	1.33±0.08^b	1.18±0.09^b	1.01±0.07^b,c	0.86±0.06^b,d	0.67±0.04^a,d
Plasma LDL (mmol L^−1)	2.71±0.17^d	4.25±0.21^b	3.99±0.26^b	3.54±0.19^b,c	3.29±0.25^a,d	3.05±0.13^a,d
Plasma HDL (mmol L^−1)	1.17±0.11^c	0.85±0.12^a	0.90±0.13^a	0.93±0.16^a	0.98±0.14	1.05±0.16
Plasma FFAs (mmol L^−1)	0.63±3.1^d	1.30±4.7^b	1.08±3.9^b	0.97±3.5^b,c	0.84±4.1^a,d	0.76±3.8^d
Hepatic TC (µmol g^−1 liver)	9.57±0.38^d	18.68±0.61^b	16.75±0.64^b,c	15.07±0.57^b,c	14.23±0.45^a,c	12.10±0.53^a,d
Hepatic TG (µmol g^−1 liver)	8.06±0.39^d	15.98±0.61^b	14.84±0.57^b	12.55±0.41^b,c	10.36±0.55^a,c	9.32±0.49^a,c

Zerumbone or lipanthyl was dissolved in distilled water for oral administration at the desired doses in a volume of 1.5 mL kg⁻¹ once a day into HFD-fed hamsters. The vehicle (distilled water) used to dissolve the tested medications was given at the same volume. Values (mean ± SD) were obtained from each group of 8 animals after 8 weeks of the experimental period. ^a𝑃<.05 and ^b𝑃<.01 compared to the values of vehicle-treated RCD-fed hamsters in each group, respectively. ^c𝑃<.05 and ^d𝑃<.01 compared to the values of vehicle-treated HFD-fed hamsters in each group, respectively.