Evodiamine (Evo) induces TRPV1-dependent protective autophagy in astrocytes. (a) Cells were pretreated with capsazepine (CPZ), a TRPV1 antagonist, for 1 h, and then incubated with Evo for a further 8 h. Levels of intracellular calcium were measured by flow cytometry with Fluo-3 AM dye. (b) The effects of CPZ on autophagy were evaluated by flow cytometry using acridine orange staining. (c) Cells pretreated with CPZ were incubated with Evo for 48 h. The percentage of apoptosis was determined using annexin V/PI double staining on a flow cytometer. One-way ANOVA followed by Duncan’s multiple-range test was used to determine whether the results for the experimental groups significantly differed from those of the respective controls. Columns not sharing the same superscript significantly differ ().
