Assessing the Metabolic Effects of Aromatherapy in Human Volunteers

Table 2

List of differential metabolites in urine after being exposed to essential oil inhalation for 10 days (VAE group) to themselves before being exposed to essential oil inhalation (VBE group).

Classes	Metabolites	VIP^1	FC^2	𝑃^3
Amino acids	Arginine	1.80	3.76	2.44𝐸−02
	Ornithine	1.78	0.50	2.66𝐸−02
Amino acids related	Homocysteine	1.98	2.05	1.21𝐸−02
	Betaine	2.21	1.79	4.21𝐸−03
	5-Oxoproline	2.03	0.61	9.76𝐸−03
	Tyramine	2.58	0.47	4.49𝐸−04
Alcohols	Histidinol	1.66	0.34	4.02𝐸−02
	Threitol	2.77	0.48	9.66𝐸−05
	Sorbitol	1.98	0.16	1.19𝐸−02
Carbohydrates	Inositol	2.48	0.53	8.67𝐸−04
	Sucrose	1.97	0.27	1.29𝐸−02
	Xylose	1.90	0.61	1.68𝐸−02
Organic acids	Hippurate	1.99	0.17	1.14𝐸−02
	Benzoate	2.28	0.34	2.90𝐸−03
	Methylmalonate	1.94	0.62	1.42𝐸−02
	Gluconate	1.76	0.70	2.86𝐸−02
	Ferulate	1.65	0.37	4.20𝐸−02
	Pipecolinic acid	1.62	0.74	4.60𝐸−02
	Homovanillate	2.34	0.40	2.11𝐸−03
	4-Hydroxybenzoate	1.75	0.48	2.93𝐸−02
	4-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid	1.99	0.44	1.14𝐸−02
	Threonic acid	2.52	0.57	6.78𝐸−04
	Glycerate	2.41	0.56	1.38𝐸−03
	Phenol	1.80	0.49	2.42𝐸−02
	Cis-Aconitic acid	1.91	0.53	1.65𝐸−02
	Succinate	2.16	0.52	5.23𝐸−03
Pyrimidine	Uracil	1.99	0.54	1.16𝐸−02
Others	Phosphate	2.24	0.69	3.48𝐸−03
	Hydroquinone	1.74	0.55	3.08𝐸−02

¹Variable importance in the projection (VIP) was obtained from PLS-DA model with a threshold of 1.0;
²fold change (FC) was obtained by comparing those metabolites in VAE group to VBE group;
³𝑃 values were calculated from Student’s 𝑡-test;
FC with a value >1 indicates a relatively higher concentration present in VAE group, while a value <1 means a relatively lower concentration as compared to VBE.