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| Authors | Groups | Outcome measures | | Sample | Design | Interesting finding |
|
| Schmid et al., 2012 [25] | Wait list (control) Yoga | (1) Disability independent
(2) Fear of falling
(3) Balance
(4) Balance self-efficacy
(5) QOL | Control
Yoga | Stroke patients Veterans | RCT 8-week intervention | In within-group comparisons, yoga group data demonstrated significant improvement in balance |
|
| Lynton et al., 2007 [26] | Yoga | (1) O’Connor tweezer dexterity
(2) Boston aphasia exam | | Stroke patients 6 months after stroke Beth Israel Medical Center, NY, USA | Single case study 2 weeks Kundalini yoga practice | All 3 participants showed improvement on dexterity |
|
| Bastille and Gill-Body, 2004 [27] | Yoga | (1) Berg balance scale
(2) Timed movement battery
(3) Stroke impact scale
| | Stroke patients <9 months after stroke Keene, NH, USA | Single case study 4–7-week baseline period followed by 8-week intervention yoga practice | 3 subjects had improved TMB scores, and 2 subjects had improved BBS scores |
|
| Chan and Woollacott, 2007 [28] | Exercise group (control) Yoga exercise group (intervention) | (1) Geriatric depression scale
(2) State trait anxiety inventory | Control Yoga | Poststroke population Royal Adelaide, Hospital South Australia | Single-blinded RCT 6-week standardized program that included home practice | Participants in both groups exhibited a mixture of decreases, increases, and no changes in GDS15, STAI-Yl, and STAI-Y2 over the course of the trial |
|
| Garrett et al., 2011 [29] | Wait list (control) Yoga (intervention) | Biopsychosocial model
(1) Physiological experiences
(2) Psychological experiences | Control
() Yoga () | Individuals with chronic poststroke hemiparesis 9 months after stroke South Australia | Qualitative RCT 10-week yoga program involving movement, breathing, and meditation practices | Participants reported greater sensation, feeling calmer, and becoming connected |
|
| McEwen et al., 2009 [30] | Yoga | (1) Performance quality rating scale (10 pt. scale) (estimate values)
(2) Canadian occupational performance measure
(3) Stroke impact scale
(4) Stanford self-efficacy for managing chronic disease (6-item scale)
(5) Activity-specific balance confidence | | Rehabilitation center 1 year after stroke Toronto, Canada | Single subject study with 2 replications CO-OP intervention conducted over ~10 sessions | Intervention was associated with significant performance improvements in self-selected functional goals |
|
| Johansson et al., 2012 [31] | MBSR Treated/control | (1) Self-assessment of mental fatigue (MBSR)
(2) Comprehensive psychopathological rating scale
(3) Digit symbol-coding
(4) FAS verbal fluency test
(5) Trail making test, mental fatigue, and information processing speed | Stroke () TBI, () MBSR () Wait list control () | 1 year post stroke or TBI patients USA | RCT 8-week MBSR | MBSR may be a promising nonpharmacological treatment for mental fatigue after a stroke or TBI |
|
| Hofer et al., 2012 [32] | Yoga | Mental fatigue and related symptoms after neurological disorders and injuries (SQfMF) | | Stroke patients University Hospital of Bern | Single subject study MBCT | Significant pre- to postassessment differences were observed in patients in poststroke fatigue |
|
| John et al., 2010 [33] | Group A (film/music) Group B (meditation) Group C (control) | (1) Hamilton rating scale for depression
(2) Berg balance scale
(3) Barthel ADL index
(4) Fatigue severity scale | | Stroke patients Saudi Arabia | RCT 6-week intervention Pre- and postcontrol group design | Music therapy and meditation are more beneficial than conventional physiotherapy management alone |
|
| Van Puymbroeck et al., 2012 [34] | Yoga/wait list (control) | Stroke survivor's quality of life (SSQOL) | Yoga () WL control () | 6 months since last stroke USA | RCT 3 : 1 ratio 8-week yoga intervention | Results showed improved activity, participation, and quality of life relative to controls |
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