Statistical Analysis of Hie (Cold Sensation) and Hiesho (Cold Disorder) in Kampo Clinic
Table 3
Ten most commonly associated symptoms for patients in the hiesho (cold disorder) group and frequencies in other groups.
Hiesho ()
Non-hiesho ( 1,820)
Normal ( 1,672)
Mean number of accompanied symptoms ± SD
Common symptoms (women [%]/men [%])
Shoulder stiffness
338 (78.6)/56 (59.6)
1152 (77.9)/196 (57.3)
633 (63.5)/274 (40.6)
Easily fatigued
306 (71.2)/53 (56.4)
1071 (72.5)/212 (62.0)
562 (56.4)/311 (46.1)
Neck stiffness
283 (65.8)/43 (45.7)
970 (65.6)/168 (49.1)
466 (46.7)/200 (29.6)
Eyestrain
249 (57.9)/35 (37.2)
808 (54.7)/175 (51.2)
425 (42.6)/222 (32.9)
Depressed mood
186 (43.3)/31 (33.0)
721 (48.8)/139 (40.6)
338 (33.9)/183 (27.1)
Constipation
174 (40.5)/26 (27.7)
631 (42.7)/93 (27.2)
339 (34.0)/140 (20.7)
Upper back stiffness
172 (40.0)/25 (26.6)
577 (39.0)/98 (28.7)
240 (24.1)/84 (12.4)
Dry skin
164 (38.1)/27 (28.7)
624 (42.2)/140 (40.9)
334 (33.5)/247 (36.6)
Flatulence
154 (35.8)/35 (37.2)
510 (34.5)/135 (39.5)
247 (24.8)/162 (24.0)
Forgetfulness
145 (33.7)/42 (44.7)
499 (33.8)/124 (36.3)
283 (28.4)/153 (22.7)
Menstrual pain
156 (36.3)/0 (0.0)
580 (39.2)/0 (0.0)
239 (24.0)/0 (0.0)
The mean number of subjective symptoms from 122 symptoms for both hiesho and non-hiesho groups was significantly higher compared to normal group as shown by the -test. We sorted symptoms by frequency in the hiesho group. The ranking of these symptoms was almost the same between the three groups and by participants’ sex. Almost all symptoms were more common in the hiesho and non-hiesho groups compared to the normal group. In women, menstrual pain also was common. Results may be affected by the number of symptoms reported by patients.
