Berberine Reduces the Metastasis of Chondrosarcoma by Modulating the αvβ3 Integrin and the PKCδ, c-Src, and AP-1 Signaling Pathways

Figure 1

Berberine did not induce cell apoptosis in human chondrocytes and chondrosarcoma cells. ((a)–(c)) Cells were incubated with various concentrations of berberine for 24 or 48 h, and cell viability was examined by MTT assay. ((d)–(f)) Cells were incubated with berberine for 24 h; TUNEL-positive cells were examined by flow cytometry. ((g)–(i)) Cells were incubated with berberine for 24 h, and caspase 3 activity was examined using caspase 3 ELISA kit. Results are expressed as the mean ± S.E.M.*, 𝑃<0.05 compared with control.

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