The Ameliorating Effect of Steamed and Fermented Codonopsis lanceolata on Scopolamine-Induced Memory Impairment in Mice

Figure 1

Effects of fermented Codonopsis lanceolata on escape latencies in the Morris water maze test in mice that were treated with control, scopolamine, donepezil, scopolamine (Sco) + fermented C. lanceolata extract (FCE) (100, 300, or 500 mg/kg), and scopolamine (Sco) + C. lanceolata extract (CE) (100, 300, or 500 mg/kg). (a) The escape latencies in the Morris water maze during the 4 days. The values shown are the mean escape latency ± standard deviation (SD; 𝑛=7).   *𝑃<0.05,   **𝑃<0.01, and  ***𝑃<0.001 compared to the scopolamine group. (b) The time spent in the quadrant where the platform was once placed in the probe test. The results are expressed as mean ± SD (𝑛=7).  *𝑃<0.05,   **𝑃<0.01, and ***𝑃<0.001 compared to the control group. (c) Mean swimming speed of mice during 4 days in Morris water maze test. The data represent means ± SD. (𝑛=7)  *𝑃<0.05,   **𝑃<0.01, and ***𝑃<0.001 compared with control group.

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