Anthocyanins from Vitis coignetiae Pulliat Inhibit Cancer Invasion and Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition, but These Effects Can Be Attenuated by Tumor Necrosis Factor in Human Uterine Cervical Cancer HeLa Cells

Figure 8

Schematic representation on anticancer effects of AIMs on HeLa human uterine cervical cancer cells. AIMs suppressed invasive effects of HeLa cells by suppression of MMP-9 by suppression of NF-κB through at least inhibiting IκB phosphorylation. AIMs clearly suppressed NF-κB activation and the expression of NF-κB-regulated proteins by inhibiting IκB phosphorylation and prevented EMT by suppression of Snail and β-catenin through at least in part augmenting GSK-3 activity. Here, TNF participated in induction of NF-κB-regulated proteins involved in cancer cell proliferation (cyclin D1 and COX-2), anti-apoptosis (XIAP, IAP1, IAP2, and Bcl-xL), and invasion and angiogenesis (MMP-2, MMP-9, ICAM-1, and VEGF) and also induced EMT. Taken together, this study suggested that suppression of NF-κB and GSK-3β is an important factor for anticancer effects on cancer invasion effects as well as other metastatic effects and EMT in HeLa cells, respectively.