Research Article

Evaluation of Aromatic Plants and Compounds Used to Fight Multidrug Resistant Infections

Table 1

Some of the important traditional medicinal plant species, families, voucher specimens, parts used, yield of extracts, phytochemical screening, and toxicity on human macrophage cells.

Scientific name Family Voucher specimenPlant parts Yield (gm)Phytochemical analysis

Adhatoda vasica NeesAcanthaceaeD2020Leaf6.4Vasicine
Aegle marmelos (L.) Correa ex Roxb.RutaceaeD2018Root-bark5.8Alkaloids
Alangium salvifolium (L.) f. Wangerin.Alangiaceae0140Leaf6.3Phenolic
Andrographis paniculata Wallich ex NeesAcanthaceae0061Leaf6.8Andrographolide
Andrographis echioides NeesAcanthaceae0116Leaf7.0Terpenoids,
Acalypha indica L.Euphorbiaceae29644Leaf6.1Acalyphe
Acalypha lanceolata L.Euphorbiaceae15791Leaf7.1Alkaloids
Achyranthes aspera L.Amaranthaceae2666Leaf2.7Betaine
Ageratum conyzoides L.Asteraceae4812Leaf3.7Essential oils
Asteracantha longifolia L.Acanthaceae0234Stem7.4Glycosides
Azadirachta indica A. Juss.MeliaceaeD0204Leaf, bark6.7Tannins
Borassus flabellifer L.ArecaceaeD0202Root0.8Flavonoids, phenolics
Boerhavia erecta L.Nyctaginaceae10897Whole plant2.8Phenolics
Calotropis procera (Ait.) Ait. f.AsclepiadaceaeD073Root-bark1.3Terpenoids
Calotropis gigantea (L.) R.Br.ex Ait AsclepiadaceaeD070Milky latex4.8Alkaloids
Cassia auriculata L.Caesalpiniaceae0141Leaf4.9Saponins
Cassia occidentalis L.Caesalpiniaceae0111Root9.5Flavonoids, saponins
Cassia tora L.Caesalpiniaceae0100Stem, bark6.9Saponins
Cassia fistula L. Caesalpiniaceae037Whole plant7.9Saponins
Cardiospermum halicacabum L.Sapindaceae0125Whole plant5.8Flavonoids
Catharanthus roseus (L.) G.Don.Apocynaceae0029Leaf,
root
1.4
0.7
Alkaloids
Cinnamomum zeylanicum Garcin ex Blume Lauraceae00209Bark3.1Essential oil, Tannin
Cinnamomum iners Reinw. ex BlumeLauraceae043-cLeaf, barkAlkaloids
Cissus quadrangularis Roxb.VitaceaeD02023Leaf6.8Glycosides
Citrus acida Roxb. Hook.f.Rutaceae0213Leaf5.2Saponins, Terpenoids
Centella asiatica (L.)Umbelliferae0138Whole plant8.9Flavonoids, Alkaloids
Clerodendrum inerme (L.) Gaertn.VerbenaceaeD02043Stem7.8Sterols, diterpenes
Clitoria ternatea L.PapilionaceaeD02026Seed9.8Protein
Cleistanthus collinus (Roxb.) Benth. and Hook.f.Euphorbiaceae0011Whole plant0.03Cleistanthin, collinusin
Cleome gynandropsis L. Capparidaceae12247Leaf6.2Glycosides
Cleome viscose L.Capparidaceae29999Leaf2.7Phenolics
Coccinia grandis W & ACucurbitaceaeD02030Leaf, root0.9Glycosides
Cymbopogon citratus (DC.)GramineaeD012Root0.25Essential oil
Datura metel L.SolanaceaeD02038Leaf, stem3.9Steroids
Eucalyptus globulus Labill.MyrtaceaeD0220Leaf1.2Terpenoids
Eclipta alba (L.) HasskAsteraceaeD028Whole plant0.7Phenolic
Euphorbia hirta LinnEuphorbiaceae0018-cWhole plant0.12
Eclipta prostrata (L.)AsteraceaeD210Leaf1.10Triterpenoid, saponin
Eugenia caryophyllus (Sprengel) Bullock & HarrisonMyrtaceae0025Flower buds1.16Essential oils
Elettaria cardamomum White et Mason Zingiberaceae0009Fruit pods3.17Essential oils
Gloriosa superba L.Liliaceae 020-STuber1.08Alkaloids, phenol
Jatropha curcas L.Euphorbiaceae015Whole plant5.3Alkaloids, flavonoids
Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit.Lamiaceae24688Leaf6.3Essential oil
Hemidesmus indicus L.AsclepiadaceaeD-009RootsCoumarins
Ichnocarpus  frutescens (L.) R.Br.Apocynaceae0110Root, flower7.3Terpenoids
Leucas aspera (Willd.) LinkLabiatae0114Leaf8.3Triterpenes
Lawsonia inermis L.LythraceaeT261Leaf0.9Glycosides, phenolic
Madhuca longifolia (L.) JF MacbrSapotaceaeD01415Nut9.3Sitosterol
Merremia hastate L. (Desr.) Hallier.f.Convolvulaceae10894Whole plant4.0Alkaloids
Mentha piperita L.Lamiaceae0217-cWhole plant0.7Essential oils
Morinda tinctoria RoxbRubiaceae0122Leaf1.4Glycosides
Mimosa pudica L.Mimosaceae0071Whole plant0.6
Oldenlandia umbellata L.RubiaceaeD02047Leaf4.4Alkaloids
Ocimum sanctum L.Lamiaceae0016Whole plant3.0Alkaloids
Piper attenuatum Buch. Hamex Miq.Piperaceae007Flower4.6Alkaloids
Plumbago zeylanica (L.) CavPlumbaginaceae0121Root4.8Plumbagin
Plectranthus amboinicus (L.) Spreng. Lamiaceae0410Whole plant1.2Essential oils, terpenoids
Phyllanthus debilis L. (Klein ex Willd)Euphorbiaceae0120Whole plant4.9Polyphenol
Phyllanthus madraspatensis L.Euphorbiaceae0117Whole plant5.0Polyphenol
Premna tomentosa Willd.Verbenaceae0129Leaf5.3Diterpenes
Rosmarinus officinalis L. Lamiaceae0017Root0.23Essential oils
Rauwolfia serpentine L.Apocynaceae020-SRoot1.15Alkaloid
Sebastiania chamaelea (L.) Muell Arg.Euphorbiaceae0034Leaf1.1Polyphenol
Solanum trilobatum L.SolanaceaeD02054Leaf, flower4.0Tannins
Sphaeranthus indicus L.AsteraceaeD02060Whole plant1.0Essential oil
Swertia chirata (L.) Ham.GentianaceaeD0540Whole plant 1.6Glycodises
Strychnos nux-vomica L.LoganiaceaeS-22Nuts0.36Alkaloids
Tragia involucrata L. EuphorbiaceaeD068Leaves1.6Shellsol
Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers ex Hoof.f & ThomsMenispermaceae0118Leaf,
root, stem
5.0Glycosides, tannins
Tridax procumbens L.Compositae 10649Leaf1.8Flavonoids
Terminalia arjuna (DC) W & ACombretaceae033-cBark8.0Phenolics
Tephrosia purpurea (L.) PersFabaceaeS-43Whole plant0.8Isoflavone
Vitex negundo L.Verbenaceae0031Leaf2.4Terpineol
Vetiveria zizanioides L.Gramineae0051Root1.03Essential oil
Withania somnifera (L.) DunalSolanaceaeD02063Root2.1Alkaloids
Wedelia calendulacea LessAsteraceaeS-24LeavesFlavonoids
Zingiber officinale Rosc.Zingiberaceae0327Rhizome2.3Tannins
Zanthoxylum limonella (Dennst.) AlstonRutaceae009Bark1.9Alkaloids, essential oil

Class of chemical compounds: A: alkaloids, S: saponins, T: tannins, St: steroids, G: glycosides, T: terpenoids, P: polyphenol, P: phenolics, Sh: shellsol, H: hydrocarbon esters.