The Stimulation Effect of Auricular Magnetic Press Pellets on Older Female Adults with Sleep Disturbance Undergoing Polysomnographic Evaluation

Table 3

Comparisons of the sleep parameters detected by PSG between the experimental group and the control group by analysis of covariance (ANCOVA).

Sleep parameters	Pretest		Posttest		ANCOVA
	Experiment; (𝑛=14)	Control; (𝑛=13)	Experiment; (𝑛=14)	Control; (𝑛=13)	F	P value
	Mean ± SD	Mean ± SD	Mean ± SD	Mean ± SD
Sleep latency (to Stage 1) (min)	17.57±11.27	20.58±13.13	12.04±6.74	24.27±15.48	6.78	0.02*
Total sleep time (min)	356.29±51.61	335.65±54.97	362.14±31.46	314.31±66.96	5.87	0.02*
Sleep period time (min)	423.75±45.67	416.00±49.21	409.18±35.34	401.62±41.89	0.18	0.67
SE^# (TST/TIB) (%)	79.58±7.54	76.99±12.62	84.04±4.62	72.15±12.78	10.85	0.00**
Sleep stages (min in sleep period time)
Wake (WASO^#)	61.75±38.72	80.35±48.76	47.04±24.07	87.31±50.42	6.90	0.02*
Stage 1	54.82±42.87	50.85±29.74	42.93±15.60	60.62±50.58	2.22	0.15
Stage 2	208.43±56.22	187.23±41.12	208.46±47.28	158.15±54.67	6.29	0.02*
Stage 3	10.21±15.31	14.62±20.65	11.64±15.45	15.92±21.01	0.17	0.69
Stage 4	0.93±3.06	4.08±12.51	0.64±1.99	2.81±8.50	0.48	0.50
REM	87.61±27.93	78.88±23.55	98.46±34.01	76.81±26.24	2.08	0.16
NREM	274.39±30.12	256.77±42.75	263.68±42.71	237.50±52.26	0.56	0.46
SWS	11.14±18.11	18.69±31.40	12.29±16.64	18.73±27.83	0.02	0.89
Sleep stages (% in sleep period time)
Wake (WASO^#)	14.36±8.03	19.17±11.28	11.34±5.36	21.96±13.20	6.74	0.02*
Stage 1	13.03±9.89	11.96±6.34	10.43±3.52	15.15±13.16	1.98	0.17
Stage 2	49.50±13.27	45.80±11.54	50.90±10.27	39.18±12.24	4.75	0.04*
Stage 3	2.35±3.52	3.03±4.39	2.86±3.73	3.90±5.00	0.03	0.87
Stage 4	0.21±0.72	0.79±2.34	0.14±0.45	0.68±2.03	0.03	0.87
REM	21.21±4.79	19.04±5.48	24.31±8.61	19.12±6.35	2.73	0.11
Arousal index	14.57±5.01	15.27±2.65	12.99±5.00	16.78±3.97	4.81	0.04*

#SE: sleep efficiency; WASO: wake after sleep onset.
∗P < 0.05; **P < 0.01.