Cichorium intybus: Traditional Uses, Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, and Toxicology

Table 1

Traditional medicinal uses of Cichorium intybus.

Country	Traditional use(s)	Plant part(s)	Preparation(s)	Reference
Afghanistan	Malaria	Root	Aqueous extract	[12]
Bosnia and Herzegovina	Diarrhea, strengthening the prostate and other reproductive organs, pulmonary cancer, hangover, and purification of biliary tract	Aerial part, flowers, roots	Not stated	[92]
	Liver disorders, spasmolytic,; cholesterol, antiseptic	Aerial	Decoction	[15]
Bulgaria	Cholagogue stimulant; for gastric secretion,; hypoglycemic	Roots, aerial parts	Decoction	[93]
India	Liver disorders	Seeds		[14]
	Diabetes	Whole plant	Not stated	[17]
	Jaundice, liver enlargement, gout, and rheumatism	Root	Decoction	[17]
	Cough relief	Not stated
Iran	Eupeptic, stomachic, depurative, choleretic, laxative, hypotension, tonic, and antipyretic	Whole plant	Not stated	[94]
Italy	Blood cleansing	Leaves	Not stated	[13]
	High blood pressure	Leaves	Decoction	[95]
	Blood purification,; arteriosclerosis, antiarthritis,; antispasmodic,; digestive	Leaves/roots	Decoction	[96]
	Depurative	Whorls	Decoction	[97]
	Choleretic, hepatoprotective; against jaundice, mild; laxative, hypoglycemic	Leaves	Decoction, squashed fresh leaves	[93]
Jordan	Internal hemorrhage, sedative in typhoid	Whole plant	Cooking	[14]
Morocco	Renal disease	Aerial/roots	Not stated	[98]
	Kidney disorders, diabetes	Whole plant	Decoction	[99]
Pakistan	Diabetes	Roots	Decoction	[43]
Poland	Digestive complaints and lack of appetite	Roots	Tea	[5]
Serbia	Diarrhea	Flower	Infusion	[100]
	Diuretic, digestive, laxative, anti-inflammatory, liver complaints, reducing blood sugar	Roots	Decoction/tea	[16]
	Cholagogue, digestive, hypoglycemic	Aerial part/root	Not stated	[101]
South Africa	Jaundice, tonic	Leaves, stems, roots		[3]
Turkey	Cancer, kidney stones	Roots	Decoction	[7]
	Wound healing	Leaf	Ointment	[10]
	Hemorrhoids, urinary disorders	Aerial	Tea	[102]