Antinociceptive and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Orally Administrated Denatured Naja Naja Atra Venom on Murine Rheumatoid Arthritis Models

Figure 3

Inhibition of edema by the denatured NNAV in AIA rats. AIA rats were orally administrated once daily for 5 days before injection of CFA ((a), (c)) or from the 11th day to the 28th day after injection of CFA ((b), (d)) with the denatured NNAV (30, 90, 270 μg/kg), the native NNAV (90 μg/kg), or TWP (15 mg/kg). The volume of right hindpaw was measured using the method of water displacement. Changes in the circumference of ankle joint were determined with a flexible tape. ((a), (c)) and ((b), (d)) represented pretreatment protocol and posttreatment protocol, respectively. Data represent mean ± SD (𝑛=8). ^###𝑃<0.001 compared with normal control group, *𝑃<0.05, **𝑃<0.01 compared with untreated arthritis group; ^†𝑃<0.05 denatured NNAV (270 μg/kg) versus TWP (15 mg/kg); ^Δ𝑃<0.05 denatured NNAV (90 μg/kg) versus native NNAV (90 μg/kg).

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)