Metabonomics Study of Essential Hypertension and Its Chinese Medicine Subtypes by Using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

Table 3

Potential biomarkers, metabolic pathways, and metabolic tendencies of biomarkers from YDYHS to YYDS.

Number	Instrument	Metabolites	Metabolic pathway	Metabolic tendency
				YDYHS versus controls	YYDS versus controls	YYDS versus YDYHS
1	NMR	Betaine	Epinephrine biosynthesis	↑	↓	↓
2	NMR	Mevalonic acid	Cholesterol biosynthesis	↑	↓	↓
3	NMR	Corticosterone	Steroid hormone biosynthesis	↑	↓	↓
4	NMR	Beta-leucine	Valine, leucine, and isoleucine degradation	↑	↓	↓
5	NMR	Propionic acid	Cysteine and methionine metabolism	—	↓	↓
6	GC-MS	Methionine	Cysteine and methionine metabolism	↓	↓	↓
7	GC-MS	D-glucose	Tricarboxylic acid cycle	↑	↑	↓
8	GC-MS	Glycine	Glycine, serine, and threonine metabolism	↑	↓	↓
9	GC-MS	Tyrosine	Tyrosine metabolism	↑	—	↓
10	GC-MS	Malic acid	Fatty acid biosynthesis	↑	↓	↓