Evaluation of a Propolis Water Extract Using a Reliable RP-HPLC Methodology and In Vitro and In Vivo Efficacy and Safety Characterisation

Table 6

Frequency of nuclear division (NDI), micronucleated binucleated cells (MNCBNs), and micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes (MNPCEs) after treatment with different concentrations of propolis water extract and their respective controls.

In vitro test system
Treatments (𝜇g/mL)	NDI^a	MNCBNs^b
Negative control	1.75 ± 0.05	6.33 ± 0.57
6.25	1.80 ± 0.03	4.33 ± 1.52
12.5	1.76 ± 0.06	4.34 ± 0.57
25.0	1.80 ± 0.02	7.66 ± 0.57
MMS	1.75 ± 0.06	57.60 ± 11.9*
In vivo test system
Treatments (mg/kg b.w.)	NDI^c	MNPCEs^d
Negative control	0.68 ± 0.01	3.0 ± 0.0
7	0.65 ± 0.04	4.0 ± 2.0
14	0.68 ± 0.03	4.6 ± 2.0
21	0.60 ± 0.04	4.8 ± 1.6
CPA	0.61 ± 0.02	50.6 ± 7.0*

MMS: methyl methanesulfonate (44 𝜇g/mL); CPA: cyclophosphamide (50 mg/kg b.w.). ^a500 binucleated cells were analysed per culture, corresponding to a total of 1500 cells per treatment. ^b1000 binucleated cells were counted per culture, corresponding to a total of 3000 cells per treatment. ^c400 erythrocytes were analysed per animal, corresponding to a total of 2400 cells per treatment. ^d2000 erythrocytes were analysed per animal, corresponding to a total of 12,000 cells per treatment.
The values are presented as the mean ± standard deviation.
*Significantly different from the negative control group (𝑃<0.05).