Exploration of Macro-Micro Biomarkers for Dampness-Heat Syndrome Differentiation in Different Diseases

Table 2

Significantly different metabolites identified in the three syndromes compared to a healthy control group.

Compound	Group	VIP^a	𝑃(M-W)^b	FN^c
Acetic acid*	DHHB	1.87	0.00	−2.07
Succinic acid*	DHHB	1.85	0.01	−1.61
D-Xylose*	DHHB	2.22	0.00	−1.96
Maltose	DHHB	1.92	0.00	+1.89
Butyrate*	DHHB	1.87	0.00	−1.72
Aminolevulinic acid*	DHHB	1.67	0.00	−1.75
Ribitol	DHHB	2.22	0.00	−1.93
Creatinine*	DHHB	1.77	0.01	−1.63
Benzene*	DHHB	1.88	0.01	−1.56
2-Butenoic acid*	DHHB	1.81	0.02	−1.53
(R)-Mandelic acid*	DHHB	1.68	0.01	−1.59
Glutaconic acid*	DHHB	1.68	0.02	−1.54
Tartronic acid	DHHB	2.28	0.00	−2.10
Benzophenone	DHHB	1.58	0.02	−1.53
Pteridine	DHHB	1.75	0.00	−1.71
3-Amino-1,2,4-triazole	DHHB	1.74	0.02	−1.51
3-Indole butanoic acid*	DHHB	1.61	0.02	−1.50
1-Cyclohexene carboxylic acid	DHHB	1.93	0.01	−1.66
3-Indole acetic acid*	DHHB	1.58	0.00	−1.73
Pyrazinoic acid*	DHHB	1.62	0.00	−2.00
Acetic acid*	DHFL	1.52	0.00	−1.70
Succinic acid*	DHFL	1.90	0.00	−1.81
D-Fructose	DHFL	1.58	0.00	−1.75
D-Galactose	DHFL	1.69	0.00	−1.99
Benzoic acid	DHFL	1.51	0.01	−1.59
Butyrate*	DHFL	1.54	0.01	−1.65
D-Gluconic acid	DHFL	1.51	0.00	−1.70
Amino levulinic acid*	DHFL	1.54	0.00	−1.82
Glutarate	DHFL	1.57	0.01	−1.61
Creatinine*	DHFL	1.65	0.00	−1.69
Gulonic acid	DHFL	1.65	0.00	−1.72
Glucaric acid	DHFL	1.63	0.00	−2.02
3-Indole acetic acid*	DHFL	1.72	0.00	−2.09
(R)-Mandelic acid*	DHFL	1.76	0.00	−1.75
3-Indole butanoic acid*	DHFL	1.68	0.00	−1.68
1-Cyclohexenecarboxylic acid	DHFL	1.86	0.00	−1.81
Pseudouridine	DHFL	1.79	0.00	−2.10
Glutaconic acid*	DHFL	1.77	0.00	−1.71
Tetradecanoic acid	DHFL	1.68	0.00	−1.74
Ethylene	DHFL	1.51	0.01	−1.57
Pteridine	DHFL	1.57	0.00	−1.73
Pyrazinoic acid*	DHFL	1.53	0.00	−2.19
1-(1-Benzyl-1H-indol-3-yl)-	DHFL	1.63	0.00	−1.83
2,2,2-trifluoroethanone
Glycine*	NDHHB	2.11	0.01	+1.62
D-Xylose*	NDHHB	2.15	0.01	−1.57
D-Gluconic acid	NDHHB	1.87	0.00	+1.85
Ribitol	NDHHB	2.19	0.01	−1.57
2,3-Butanedione	NDHHB	1.89	0.02	+1.56
Tartronic acid	NDHHB	2.21	0.00	−1.66
Vanillylmandelic acid	NDHHB	1.94	0.05	+1.42
3-Amino-1,2,4-triazole	NDHHB	2.31	0.03	−1.48

aVIP: variable importance in the project.
^b𝑃(M-W) value was obtained from Mann-Whitney test (syndromes compared to healthy control).
^cFN is fold change of mean ranks calculated by the Mann-Whitney test (syndromes compared to healthy control). “+” means upregulated and “−” means downregulated.
*These metabolites were identified by NIST library and standards; others were only identified by NIST library.