Renal Protective Role of Xiexin Decoction with Multiple Active Ingredients Involves Inhibition of Inflammation through Downregulation of the Nuclear Factor-𝜅B Pathway in Diabetic Rats

Figure 2

Renal pathology and urinary albumin excretion from diabetic rats treated with Xiexin decoction. (a)–(f) Periodic acid-Schiff’s reagent (PAS) stain. Original magnification (a)–(f) × 400. (g)–(r) Electron microscopy (EM) analysis. Representative images of glomerular basement membrane thickening (g)–(l) and mesangial matrix expansion (m)–(r), scale bars 2 μm, original magnification electron microscopy × 4,700. (s) Urinary albumin excretion at 4, 8, and 12 weeks. (t) Ratio of mesangial matrix area to glomerular area (M/G) in PAS staining. NC: normal control; DM: diabetic model control; XXDL: XXD extract 1.25 g/kg; XXDH: XXD extract 2.5 g/kg; losartan 10 mg/kg and metformin 100 mg/kg. NC and DM were treated with normal saline. All the rats were administered intragastric gavage once a day for 12 weeks. Data are expressed as mean ± SD. ^∗𝑃<0.05, ^∗∗𝑃<0.01 as compared with DM.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(f)

(g)

(h)

(i)

(j)

(k)

(l)

(m)

(n)

(o)

(p)

(q)

(r)

(s)

(t)