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Studies | Participants (age) | Sample size (pre-/post-) | Intervention (frequency for qigong) | Control | Duration and Followup | Subjective outcome measures | Intergroup differences |
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Chan et al., 2012 [28] | Outpatients with clinical depression (28–62 y) | QG: 25/17 CG1: 25/17 CG2: 25/16 | DMBI (90 min group practice once a week plus weekly home assignments) | CG1: CBT CG2: Waiting-list | 10 wk | (1) HRSD (2) BDI-II (3) Quality of sleep | (1) P = 0.03 (DMBI versus waiting-list) P = 0.01 (CBT versus waiting-list) (2) P = 0.001 (DMBI versus waiting-list) P = 0.009 (CBT versus waiting-list) (3) P < 0.03 (DMBI versus Waiting-list) |
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Chan et al., 2011 [29] | Adults with depressive mood (25–64 y) | QG: 20/NR CG: 20/NR | DMBI (90 min group practice once a week plus weekly home assignments) | Group CBT | 4 wk | BDI-II | P < 0.05 |
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Cheung et al., 2005 [30] | Patients with hypertension IG: 57.2 ± 9.5 y CG: 51.2 ± 7.4 y | QG: 47/47 CG: 44/41 | Goulin qigong (2 hr group practice twice a week for 4 weeks followed by once a month for 3 months plus 75 min home practice daily) | Conventional exercise | 16 wk | (1) BAI (2) BDI (3) SF-36 | (1) NS (2) NS (3) NS |
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Liu et al., 2012 [31] | Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (46–83 y) | QG: 44/33 Cg: 44/36 | Baduanjin qigong plus health education and usual care (40 min group practice once a week plus five times home practice per week) | Health education and usual care | 12 wk | (1) SDS (2) DMQLS | (1) P < 0.05 (2) P < 0.05 |
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Ma et al., 2011 [32] | Women with perimenopausal syndrome and depression (45–55 y) | QG: 49/NR CG1: 46/NR CG2: 50/NR | Baduanjin qigong (90 min group practice once each day) | CG1: Walking CG2: Waiting-list | 3 mo | CES-D | P < 0.01 (QG versus CG1) P < 0.01 (QG versus CG2) |
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Qiu, 2011 [33] | Outpatients with mild/moderate depression (18–60 y) | QG: 31/NR CG: 29/NR | Wuqinxi qigong plus drugs (40 min group practice once each day) | Walking plus drugs | 8 wk | (1) HAMD (2) SDS (3) PSQI | (1) P < 0.05 (2) P < 0.05 (3) P < 0.05 |
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Stenlund et al., 2009 [34] | Patients with burnout syndrome (25–65 y) | QG: 41/33 CG: 41/35 | Qigong (style: NR) plus usual care (1 hour group practice twice a week plus home practice) | Usual care only | 12 wk | (1) HADS (2) SMBQ (3) SF-36 | (1) NS (2) NS (3) NS |
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Tsang et al., 2012 [35] | Depressed elders with chronic illness | QG: 21/19 CG: 17/15 | Bajuanjin qigong (45 min group practice three sessions per week) | Newspaper reading and discussion | 12 wk | (1) GDS (2) HRSD (3) CGSS | (1) P = 0.007 (2) NS (3) P = 0.025 |
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Tsang et al., 2006 [36] | Elderly with depression (≧65 y) | QG: 56/48 CG: 41/34 | Baduanjin qigong (30–45 min group practice three times a week plus 15 min home practice daily) | Newspaper reading and discussion | 16 wk | (1) GDS (2) CGSS (3) PWI (4) GHQ | (1) P = 0.041 (2) P < 0.001 (3) P < 0.001 (4) P = 0.042 |
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Tsang et al., 2003 [37] | Elderly with chronic illness and depressed mood (≧65 y) | QG: 24/NR CG: 26/NR | Bajuanjin qigong plus basic rehabilitation activities (1 hour group practice twice a week plus 30 min home practice daily) | Traditional remedial rehabilitation activities | 12 wk | (1) GDS (2) WHOQOL-BREF | (1) P = 0.145 (2) P < 0.05 for physical health |
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Wang et al., 2010 [38] | “Subhealth problem” (n.r.) | QG: 40/NR CG: 40/NR | Wuqinxi qigong (60 min group practice five times per week) | Waiting-list | 3 mo | (1) SDS, (2) SAS | (1) P < 0.05 (2) P < 0.05
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Wang, 2008 [39] | Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and insomnia (40–70 y) | QG: 30/23 CG1: 30/26 CG2: 30/29 | Baduanjin qigong (60 min group practice twice a week plus home practice daily) | CG1: mindful relaxation CG2: waiting-list | 4 mo | (1) SDS (2) SAS (3) PSQI | (1) P = 0.036 (QG versus CG2) (2) NS (3) P = 0.02 (QG versus CG2) |
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