Shoulder Mobility, Muscular Strength, and Quality of Life in Breast Cancer Survivors with and without Tai Chi Qigong Training
Table 2
Comparison of outcome measures between groups (mean ± SD).
TC Qigong CA group ()
CA-control group ()
Healthy-control group ()
Effect size
Shoulder active ROM (affected side/dominant side)
Flexion (degree)
0.028
0.598
Abduction (degree)
0.002
0.964
Hand behind back (cm)
0.042
0.464
Body-weight-adjusted isokinetic peak torque at 180°/s (affected side/dominant side)
Shoulder internal rotators (Nm)
0.198
Shoulder external rotators (Nm)
0.210
FACT-B
Physical wellbeing
N/A
0.033
0.406
Social/family wellbeing
N/A
0.153
0.065
Emotional wellbeing
N/A
0.089
0.167
Functional wellbeing
N/A
0.264
0.012*
Breast CA-specific concerns
N/A
0.193
0.036*
Total score
N/A
0.587
0.179
Denotes a significant difference at . Denotes a significant difference at . Denotes a significant difference at when compared with the CA-control group.
