Developing and Testing the Effectiveness of a Novel Health Qigong for Frail Elders in Hong Kong: A Preliminary Study

Table 3

Demographic characteristics of experimental and comparison groups.

Demographic (score range)	Mean (SD) or count (%)		t or 𝜒^2	df	P value
	Experimental (𝑁=61)	Control (𝑁=55)
Age	83.33 (6.30)	84.85 (6.03)	𝑡=−1.31	112	0.19
MMSE score	23.69 (3.52)	23.58 (3.61)	𝑡=0.16	114	0.87
CAPE score	9.21 (2.08)	9 (1.98)	𝑡=0.56	114	0.57
GDS score	4.07 (3.11)	4.36 (3.26)	𝑡=−0.50	114	0.61
Frailty index	17.75 (6.03)	19.85 (5.43)	𝑡=−1.96	114	0.052
Center			𝜒^2=0.25	1	0.61
Residential care homes	51 (83.6%)	44 (80%)
Day care center	10 (16.4%)	11 (20%)
Gender			𝜒^2=−0.50	1	0.61
Male	14 (23%)	15 (27.3%)
Female	47 (77%)	40 (72.7%)
Marital status			𝜒^2=0.85	2	0.66
Single	3 (4.9%)	5 (9.1%)
Widowed	42 (68.9%)	35 (63.6%)
Married, spouse alive	16 (26.2%)	14 (25.5%)
Education level			𝜒^2=1.28	2	0.53
No school completed	15 (24.6%)	17 (30.9%)
Primary	38 (62.3%)	28 (50.9%)
Secondary	8 (13.1%)	9 (16.4%)
Walking ability			𝜒^2=0.87	4	0.93
Walk independently	10 (16.4%)	10 (18.2%)
Walk with stick	19 (31.1%)	15 (27.3%)
Walk with frame	7 (11.5%)	4 (7.3%)
Walk with rollator	7 (11.5%)	7 (12.7%)
Wheelchair bounded	18 (29.5%)	18 (32.7%)

Notes: MMSE: Mini-Mental State Examination; CAPE: Clifton Assessment Procedures for the Elderly; GDS: Geriatric Depression Scale.