Developing and Testing the Effectiveness of a Novel Health Qigong for Frail Elders in Hong Kong: A Preliminary Study

Table 4

Acute intervention effects on psychosocial measures.

Outcome	Means and SDs (in brackets)							Repeated measures ANOVA
(Score range)	Pre-Ax		Mid-Ax		Post-Ax			(Group by time interaction)		(Time interaction)
	Exp	Com	Exp	Com	Exp	Com	F	df	P-value		𝜂^2𝑝	Power
GDS (0–15)	4.07	4.36	4.61	4.24	4.31	4.76	1.16	2,228	0.32	—	0.01	0.25
(Exp: 𝑛=61; Com: 𝑛=55)	(3.11)	(3.26)	(2.91)	(3.23)	(3.33)	(3.52)
Perceived benefits
Physical health	—	—	17.09	—	18.05	—	13.01	1,54	—	0.001**	0.19	0.94
(Exp: 𝑛=55)			(1.97)		(2.37)
Activities of daily living	—	—	12.98	—	13.48	—	5.32	1,43	—	0.026*	0.11	0.62
(Exp: 𝑛=44)			(1.58)		(1.69)
Psychological	—	—	25.22	—	25.36	—	0.05	1,57	—	0.82	0.00	0.06
(Exp: 𝑛=58)			(4.49)		(3.08)
Social relationship	—	—	9.84	—	9.91	—	0.32	1,57	—	0.58	0.01	0.09
(Exp: 𝑛=58)			(1.09)		(1.05)
Overall health status	—	—	6.95	—	7.43	—	15.26	1,57	—	0.0001***	0.21	0.97
(Exp: 𝑛=58)			(1.08)		(1.22)

Notes: Com: comparison group; Exp: experimental group; ^∗𝑃<0.05; ^∗∗𝑃<0.01; ^∗∗∗𝑃<0.001. GDS: Geriatric Depression Scale; only experimental group is required to complete the 21-item Perceived Benefit Questionnaire.