Developing and Testing the Effectiveness of a Novel Health Qigong for Frail Elders in Hong Kong: A Preliminary Study

Table 5

Acute intervention effects on cognitive measures.

Outcome	Means and SDs (in brackets)						Repeated measures ANOVA (group by time interaction)
(Score range)	Pre-Ax		Mid-Ax		Post-Ax
	Exp	Com	Exp	Com	Exp	Com	F	df	P-value	𝜂^2𝑝	Power
LOTCA-G
(Exp: 𝑛=61; Com: 𝑛=55)
Orientation (0–16)	14.13	13.87	14.31	13.91	14.11	13.38	0.94	1.9,216.10	0.39	0.01	0.21
	(1.98)	(2.10)	(2.15)	(1.86)	(1.73)	(2.19)
Perception (0–28)	25.87	25.76	25.67	25.49	26.20	25.91	0.13	2,228	0.88	0.00	0.07
	(2.00)	(2.34)	(2.07)	(2.40)	(2.00)	(2.44)
Praxis (0–12)	9.57	9.75	9.23	9.35	9.54	9.64	0.04	2,228	0.96	0.00	0.06
	(1.28)	(1.06)	(1.04)	(1.27)	(1.15)	(1.32)
Visuomotor organization (0–24)	16.75	17.45	16.59	16.87	16.90	16.78	1.58	2,228	0.21	0.01	0.33
	(3.58)	(4.03)	(3.34)	(3.62)	(3.65)	(4.35)
Thinking operations (0–8)	4.41	4.56	4.49	4.22	4.79	4.22	4.05	2,228	0.02*	0.03	0.72
	(1.80)	(1.69)	(1.84)	(1.64)	(1.83)	(1.70)
Memory (12)	10.54	10.15	10.52	10.55	10.89	10.84	0.96	2,228	0.39	0.01	0.22
	(1.48)	(1.88)	(1.97)	(2.18)	(1.83)	(1.57)
Attention (4)	3.84	3.76	3.77	3.87	3.74	3.73	1.26	2,228	0.29	0.01	0.27
	(0.45)	(0.47)	(0.59)	(0.43)	(0.48)	(0.49)

Notes: Com: comparison group; Exp: experimental group; ^∗𝑃<0.05.
LOTCA-G: Lowenstein Occupational Therapy Cognitive Assessment-Geriatric.