Saussurea lappa Clarke-Derived Costunolide Prevents TNFα-Induced Breast Cancer Cell Migration and Invasion by Inhibiting NF-κB Activity
Figure 3
Costunolide inhibits TNFα-induced NF-κB pathway in MDA-MB-231 cells. (a) MDA-MB-231 cell were treated with costunolide for indicated time periods. Whole lysates were analyzed by western blotting with anti-pIKK, -IKK, -pIκBα, -IκBα, and Tubulin. (b) Cells were fractionated into cytoplasmic and nuclear compartment and western blotting for NF-κB. Tubulin and LaminB were used as loading control. (c) MDA-MB-231 cells were treated with TNFα and cotreated with TNFα and costunolide for 15 to 30 min. Whole lysates were analyzed by western blotting with anti-pIKK, -IKK, -IκBα, and Tubulin. (d) MDA-MB-231 cells were pretreated with costunolide for 1 hour, then exposed to TNFα for 6 hours, and stained with p-NF-Κb antibody. Phalloidin and TO-PRO-3 were for staining with F-actin and nucleus, respectively. The object was 20x, and the scale bars on the image indicate 50 μm.
