Saussurea lappa Clarke-Derived Costunolide Prevents TNFα-Induced Breast Cancer Cell Migration and Invasion by Inhibiting NF-κB Activity
Figure 5
Costunolide inhibits orthotopically tumor growth and metastasis. (a) 1 × 106 MDA-MB-231 cells were orthotopically injected in nude mice (/group). Costunolide was injected into the mammary fat fad and repeated every three days for 30 days. Tumor volumes were measured using calipers. Tumor volume (cubic millimeters) = width2 × length/2. (b) Body weight measured three times a week. (c) Tumor tissues were stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Photo images were taken at 20x magnification. (d) Tumor tissues were stained with anti-ki-67 antibody. (e) Tumor tissues were stained with anti-MMP-9 antibody. The object was 20x, and, scale bars on the image indicate 10 μm.
