In Vitro Screening of 10 Edible Thai Plants for Potential Antifungal Properties

Table 3

Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC; mg/mL), inhibition zone diameter (mm) at 48 hr after treatment, % inhibition zone, and cytotoxicity activity (LD₅₀ and % cell viability on human skin fibroblast cells) on crude plant extracts.

Plant names (part used)

Antifungal activity

Fungal strains

HSF cells

C. al

S. ce

T. men

T. rub

T. tons

E. flo

M. can

M. gyp

A. ni

P. spp

LD50 (mg/mL)

Cell viability (%)

Garcinia mangostana L. (peel)

MIC

106.67

85.33

128

>128

128

>128

>128

>128

>128

>128

1.25

74±3.5

Inhibition zone (D)

5±0.75

5±0.44

2±0.48

1±0.08

2±0.01

1±0.07

1±0.1

1±0.74

1±0.04

1±0.95

Inhibition (%)

11.90±0.75

12.82±0.44

5±0.48

3.13±0.08

7.14±0.01

3.7±0.07

3.57±0.1

4.35±0.74

2.22±0.04

2.5±0.95

Piper betel L. (leaf)

MIC

16

42.67

8

4

5.3

6.6

10.67

10.67

21.33

26.67

3.10

93±0.95

Inhibition zone (D)

13±1.96

7±0.76

12±1.33

12±1.02

17±0.83

12±0.95

11±0.32

11±2.38

1±1.36

9±1.33

Inhibition (%)

30.95±1.96

17.95±0.76

30±1.33

37.5±1.02

50±0.83

44.44±0.95

39.29±0.32

47.83±2.38

2.22±1.36

22.5±1.33

Camellia sinensis (leaf)

MIC

26.67

26.67

18.67

42.67

16

13.33

21.33

18.67

53.33

42.67

2.70

89±3.2

Inhibition zone (D)

2±0.86

2±0.12

5±2.75

1±0.09

2±0.09

2±0.01

2±0.72

2±0.03

1±0.93

1±0.08

Inhibition (%)

4.76±0.86

5.13±0.12

12.5±2.75

3.13±0.09

7.14±0.09

7.41±0.01

7.14±0.72

8.69±0.03

2.22±0.93

2.5±0.08

Morus alba Linn. (leaf)

MIC

32

64

26.67

85.33

106.67

85.33

53.33

42.67

106.67

128

1.85

77±2.8

Inhibition zone (D)

3±0.92

2±0.59

3±0.36

1±0.1

1±0.15

2±0.85

2±0.18

2±0.1

1±0.76

1±0.91

Inhibition (%)

7.14±0.92

5.13±0.59

7.5±0.36

3.13±0.1

3.57±0.15

7.41±0.85

7.14±0.18

8.69±0.1

2.22±0.76

2.5±0.91

Aegle marmelos L. (fruit)

MIC

53.33

16

37.33

37.33

26.67

21.33

37.33

26.67

53.33

64

2.55

85±2.1

Inhibition zone (D)

1±0.74

4±0.87

1±0.62

1±0.38

1±0.33

1±0.03

1±0.54

1±0.07

1±0.48

1±0.75

Inhibition (%)

2.38±0.74

10.26±0.87

2.5±0.62

3.13±0.38

3.57±0.33

3.7±0.03

3.57±0.54

4.35±0.07

2.22±0.48

2.5±0.75

Garcinia atroviridis Griff (fruit)

MIC

10.67

16

3.33

10.67

2.67

3.33

4

4

13.33

13.33

1.30

71±0.9

Inhibition zone (D)

7±0.88

3±0.91

11±1.34

7±1.33

12±0.99

9±1.11

9±1.66

8±1.14

3±1.14

4±1.13

Inhibition (%)

16.67±0.88

7.69±0.91

27.5±1.34

21.88±1.33

42.86±0.99

33.33±1.11

32.14±1.66

34.78±1.14

6.67±1.14

10±1.13

Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.) Wall.ex Nees (leaf)

MIC

42.67

21.33

5.33

6.67

8

10.67

13.33

13.33

37.33

26.67

2.80

90±2.4

Inhibition zone (D)

2±1.12

4±0.33

9±1.08

8±0.85

9±1.3

8±0.95

8±0.98

8±1.02

3±0.99

3±0.86

Inhibition (%)

4.76±1.12

10.26±0.33

22.5±1.08

25±0.85

32.14±1.3

29.63±0.95

28.57±0.98

34.78±1.02

6.67±0.99

7.5±0.86

Schefflera leucantha R.Vig (leaf)

MIC

9.33

16

9.33

9.33

5.33

8

12

13.33

21.33

26.67

2.90

91±1.9

Inhibition zone (D)

8±1.10

5±0.14

7±0.92

6±1.44

7±0.65

9±1.33

6±1.21

6±1.95

5±1.13

4±1.35

Inhibition (%)

19.05±1.10

12.82±0.14

17.5±0.92

18.75±1.44

25±0.65

33.33±1.33

21.43±1.21

26.09±1.95

11.11±1.13

10±1.35

Carthamus tinctorius L. (flower)

MIC

37.33

53.33

53.33

48

48

53.33

26.67

53.33

64

26.67

2.00

79±1.1

Inhibition zone (D)

3±0.34

3±0.55

2±0.35

2±0.09

3±0.48

2±1.04

2±0.8

3±0.02

2±0.75

3±0.14

Inhibition (%)

7.14±0.34

7.69±0.55

5±0.35

6.25±0.09

10.72±0.48

11.11±1.04

7.14±0.8

13.04±0.02

4.44±0.75

7.5±0.14

Psidium guajava L. (leaf)

MIC

6.67

16

3.33

2.67

2.67

4

5.33

3.33

13.33

6.67

3.50

93±1.1

Inhibition zone (D)

11±1.83

7±1.99

14±1.21

13±0.82

15±0.77

13±1.03

13±1.15

12±1.3

9±1.27

11±0.9

Inhibition (%)

26.19±1.83

17.95±1.99

35±1.21

40.63±0.82

53.57±0.77

48.15±1.03

46.43±1.15

52.17±1.3

20±1.27

27.5±0.9

SDB

MIC/MFC

NT

NT

NT

NT

NT

NT

NT

NT

NT

NT

—

100

Inhibition zone (D)

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Inhibition (%)

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Fluconazole^1 (1 mg/mL)

MIC/MFC

2/64

32/128

16–32/; 32–64

16/64

8–16/; 62–128

32/32

64/128

64/>128

>128/>128

>128/>128

1.00

86±3.6

Inhibition zone (D)

16±2.1

12±1.2

15±1.33

17±1.14

16±2.33

15±2.67

15±1.75

14±2.6

2±1.46

3±1.85

Inhibition (%)

38.09±2.1

30.77±1.2

37.5±1.33

53.13±1.14

57.14±2.33

55.56±2.67

53.57±1.75

60.87±2.6

4.44±1.46

7.5±1.85

C. al: Candida albicans, S. ce: Saccharomyces cerevisiae, T. men: Trichophyton mentagrophytes, T. rub: Trichophyton rubrum, T. tons: Trichophyton tonsurans, E. flo: Epidermophyton floccosum, M. can: Microsporum canis, M. gyp: Microsporum gypseum, A. ni: Aspergillus niger, and P. spp: Penicillium spp.
¹Standard.
NT: none tested.
NA: not available.
Data are expressed as means ± standard deviation; 𝑛=3.