Research Article

Acupuncture Stimulation Attenuates Impaired Emotional-Like Behaviors and Activation of the Noradrenergic System during Protracted Abstinence following Chronic Morphine Exposure in Rats

Figure 4

Jumps (a), paw tremors (b), shakes (c), and sniffing (d) were indicators of physical dependence at 1 or 4 weeks of protracted abstinence following repeated morphine administration. The experimental groups included saline-treated controls (Saline group, ) and morphine-treated rats (Morphine group, ). Data were analyzed using a two-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc test. * , ** versus Saline group; # , ## versus 1-week time point in the Morphine group. Vertical bars indicate SE.
216503.fig.004a
(a)
216503.fig.004b
(b)
216503.fig.004c
(c)
216503.fig.004d
(d)