A Review of In Vitro and In Vivo Studies on the Efficacy of Herbal Medicines for Primary Dysmenorrhea

Table 6

The mechanisms of herbal medicines for PD.

Main outcomes	Reference
Inhibition of uterine contraction	[14, 18, 35, 56, 61–67]
PG level reduction	[24–27]
Suppression of COX-2 expression	[25, 35, 36]
SOD activation and MDA reduction	[36]
NO, iNOS, and NF-κB reduction	[35, 36, 50]
Stimulation of somatostatin receptor	[26]
Intracellular Ca^2+ reduction	[18, 35, 56]
Recovery of phospholipid metabolism	[58]