Auricular Point Acupressure to Manage Chronic Low Back Pain in Older Adults: A Randomized Controlled Pilot Study

Table 6

Other outcomes measures.

	Group	BL; mean ± SD	Change BL to EOI	𝑃 value^†	Change BL to follow-up	𝑃 value^†
Pain quality
Sensory	Real	17.27 ± 4.69	−7.36	0.02	−7.82	0.01
(MPQ-sf)	Sham	9.63 ± 3.50	−0.25		3.75
Affect	Real	5.91 ± 4.18	−3.09	0.01	−3.82	0.00
(MPQ-sf)	Sham	3.00 ± 2.00	−0.25		1.00
Total MPQ-sf	Real	25.73 ± 7.03	−11.64	0.00	−12.82	0.00
	Sham	14.25 ± 4.89	−0.25		4.88
Affective distress; (MPI-s)	Real	2.50 ± 2.24	−0.95	0.13	−1.32	0.13
	Sham	1.63 ± 0.99	−0.19		−0.38
Life control; (MPI-s)	Real	4.68 ± 1.23	0.09	0.89	−0.54	0.89
	Sham	3.63 ± 1.75	0.50		0.56
Emotional functionning
Anxiety	Real	17.33 ± 8.97	−3.50	0.29	−3.50	0.29
	Sham	18.44 ± 7.09	−2.88		−1.33
Depression	Real	15.25 ± 11.09	−3.42	0.71	−4.42	0.71
	Sham	14.11 ± 5.78	−2.55		0.33
GAD-7	Real	7.00 ± 6.08	−3.82	0.02	−3.36	0.13
	Sham	3.75 ± 3.45	0.13		0.75
Pain beliefs (fear avoidance)
Fear-physical	Real	15.79 ± 6.95	−5.29	0.24	−4.79	0.62
	Sham	14.11 ± 5.60	−1.78		−3.55
Fear-work	Real	13.07 ± 12.90	−2.00	0.82	−2.14	0.82
	Sham	7.89 ± 9.57	−1.22		−1.45
Catastrophizing (PCS)
Rumination	Real	6.43 ± 4.88	−2.29	0.28	−2.29	0.28
	Sham	6.44 ± 5.10	−2.22		−2.33
Maginification	Real	3.79 ± 3.02	−2.15	0.20	−0.93	0.83
	Sham	2.44 ± 1.74	−1.55		−1.00
Helplessness	Real	8.43 ± 8.16	−4.57	0.67	−4.72	0.21
	Sham	8.00 ± 4.69	−4.89		−2.78
Health related quality of life
Physical	Real	13.31 ± 2.57	−0.45	0.14	0.04	0.76
	Sham	11.37 ± 2.51	0.38		0.38
Psychological	Real	13.14 ± 2.91	0.53	0.48	1.19	0.38
	Sham	12.96 ± 2.00	1.34		0.74
Social	Real	15.33 ± 3.58	−0.47	0.74	−0.66	0.56
	Sham	12.89 ± 3.20	−0.15		0.15
Environment	Real	15.50 ± 2.75	0.71	0.05	0.75	0.06
	Sham	15.89 ± 3.08	−0.95		−0.89

BPI-sf: brief pain inventory short form.
MPI-s: multidimensional pain inventory screening.
MPQ-sf: McGill Pain Questionnaire Short Form.
RMDQ: Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire.
GAD-7: generalized anxiety disorder 7.
PCS: The Pain and Catastrophizing Scale.
BL: baseline.
EOI: end of intervention.
†Between group comparison.